[Footnote 1:  The Angler in the Lake District, p. 23.]

Obedience to the orders of his keepers is not, however, to be assumed as the result of a uniform perception of the object to be attained by compliance; and we cannot but remember the touching incident which took place during the slaughter of the elephant at Exeter Change in 1846, when, after receiving ineffectually upwards of 120 balls in various parts of his body, he turned his face to his assailants on hearing the voice of his keeper, and knelt down at the accustomed word of command, so as to bring his forehead within view of the rifles.[1]

[Footnote 1:  A shocking account of the death of this poor animal is given in HONE’S Every-Day Book, March, 1830, p. 337.]

The working elephant is always a delicate animal, and requires watchfulness and care.  As a beast of burden he is unsatisfactory; for although in point of mere strength there is scarcely any weight which could be conveniently placed on him that he could not carry, it is difficult to pack his load without causing abrasions that afterwards ulcerate.  His skin is easily chafed by harness, especially in wet weather.  During either long droughts or too much moisture, his feet become liable to sores, that render him non-effective for months.  Many attempts have been made to provide him with some protection for the sole of the foot, but from his extreme weight and peculiar mode of planting the foot, they have all been unsuccessful.  His eyes are also liable to frequent inflammations, and the skill of the native elephant-doctors, which has been renowned since the time of AElian, is nowhere more strikingly displayed than in the successful treatment of such attacks.[1] In Ceylon, the murrain among cattle is of frequent occurrence, and carries off great numbers of animals, wild as well as tame.  In such visitations the elephants suffer severely, not only those at liberty in the forest, but those carefully tended in the government stables.  Out of a stud of about 40 attached to the department of the Commission of Roads, the deaths between 1841 and 1849 were on an average four in each year, and this was nearly doubled in those years when murrain prevailed.

[Footnote 1:  AELIAN, lib. xiii. c. 7.]

Of 240 elephants, employed in the public departments of the Ceylon Government, which died in twenty-five years, from 1831 to 1856, the length of time that each lived in captivity has only been recorded in the instances of 138.  Of these there died:—­

  Duration of Captivity.  No.  Male.  Female