[Footnote 212:  Or 4800 ounces, worth, L.18,600 sterling at the old price of L.3 17s. 6d. per ounce; and perhaps worth in those days as much as ninety or an hundred thousand pounds in the present day.—­E.]

The elephant, by some called oliphant, is the largest of all four-footed beasts.  The fore-legs are longer than those behind; in the lower part or ancles of which he has joints.  The feet have each five toes, but undivided.  The trunk or snout is so long and of such form that it serves him as a hand, for he both eats and drinks by bringing his food and drink to his mouth by its means, and by it he helps up his master or keeper, and also overturns trees by its strength.  Besides his two great tusks, he has four teeth on each side of his mouth, by which he eats or grinds his food, each of these teeth being almost a span long, as they lie along the jaw, by two inches high and about as much in breadth.  The tusks of the male are larger than those of the female.  The tongue is very small, and so far within the mouth that it cannot be seen.  This is the gentlest and most tractable of all beasts, and understands and is taught many things, so that it is even taught to do reverence to kings, being of acute sense and great judgment.  When the female is once seasoned, the male never touches her afterwards.  The male lives two hundred years, or at least 120, and the female almost as long; but the flower of their age is reckoned 60 years.  They cannot endure our winter or cold weather; but they love to go into rivers, in which they will often wade up to their trunk, snuffing and blowing the water about in sport; but they cannot swim, owing to the weight of their bodies.  If they happen to meet a man wandering in the wilderness, they will go gently before him and lead him into the right way.  In battle they pay much respect to those who are wounded, bringing such as are hurt or weary into the middle of the army where they may be defended.  They are made tame by drinking the juice of barley[213].

[Footnote 213:  The meaning of this expression is by no means obvious.  It is known that in India, arrack, or a spirituous liquor distilled from rice, is given regularly to elephants, which may be here alluded to.—­E.]

They have continual war with dragons, which desire their blood because it is very cold; wherefore the dragon lies in wait for the passing of an elephant, winding its tail of vast length round the hind legs of the elephant, then thrusts his head into his trunk and sucks out his breath, or bites him in the ears where he cannot reach with his trunk.  When the elephant becomes faint with the loss of blood, he falls down upon the serpent, now gorged with blood, and with the weight of his body crushes the dragon to death.  Thus his own blood and that of the elephant run out of the serpent now mingled together, which cooling is congealed into that substance which the apothecaries call sanguis draconis or cinnabar[214].  But there are other kinds of cinnabar, commonly called cinoper or vermillion, which the painters use in certain colours.