the Makololo, he would now have abandoned the Zambesi and tried the Rovuma, as a way of reaching Nyassa.  His future endeavors in connection with the Rovuma receive their explanation from this unwelcome discovery.  The significance of the discovery in other respects cannot fail to be seen.  Hitherto Livingstone had been on friendly terms with the Portuguese Government; he could be so no longer.  The remarkable kindness he had so often received from Portuguese officers and traders made it a most painful trial to break with the authorities.  But there was no alternative.  Livingstone’s courage was equal to the occasion, though he could not but see that his new attitude to the Portuguese must give an altered aspect to his Expedition, and create difficulties that might bring it to an end.

A letter to Mr. James Young, dated 22d July, near Kalosi, gives a free and familiar account of “what he was about”: 

“This is July, 1860, and no letter from you except one written a few months after we sailed in the year of grace 1858.  What you are doing I cannot divine.  I am ready to believe any mortal thing except that Louis Napoleon has taken you away to make paraffin oil for the Tuileries.  I don’t believe that he is supreme ruler, or that he can go an inch beyond his tether.  Well, as I cannot conceive what you are about, I must tell you what we are doing, and we are just trudging up the Zambesi as if there were no steam and no locomotive but shank’s nag yet discovered....

“We have heard of a mission for the Interior from the English Universities, and this is the best news we have got since we came to Africa.  I have recommended up Shire as a proper sphere, and hasten back so as to be in the way if any assistance can be rendered.  I rejoice at the prospect with all my heart, and am glad, too, that it is to be a Church of England Mission, for that Church has never put forth its strength, and I trust this may draw it forth.  I am tired of discovery when no fruit follows.  It was refreshing to be able to sit down every evening with the Makololo again, and tell them of Him who came down from heaven to save sinners.  The unmerciful toil of the steamer prevented me from following my bent as I should have done.  Poor fellows! they have learnt no good from their contact with slavery; many have imbibed the slave spirit; many had married slave-women and got children.  These I did not expect to return, as they were captives of Sekeletu, and were not his own proper people.  All professed a strong desire to return.  To test them I proposed to burn their village, but to this they would not assent.  We then went out a few miles and told them that any one wishing to remain might do so without guilt.  A few returned, but though this was stated to them repeatedly afterward they preferred running away like slaves.  I never saw any of the interior people so devoid of honor.  Some complained of sickness, and all these I sent back, intrusting them with their burdens.