[137] Zuniga, i, pp. 73-75

[138] Voyage, ii, p. 131.

[139] Ibid., p. 132, and Zuniga, i, p. 76.  A modern work on this drama is El Teatro tagalo by Vicente Barrantes, Madrid, 1889.

[140] Number 877 in Retana’s Biblioteca Filipina.  This novel was published in Manila in 1885.  Friar Bustamente was a Franciscan.

[141] Estadismo, i, pp. 60-61.  Commodore Alava was on his way to make scientific observations of the volcano of Taal.

Le Gentil writes:  “Selon une Ordonnance du Roi, renouvelee peut-etre cent fois, il est ordonne aux Religieux d’enseigner le castillan aux jeunes Indiens; mais Sa Majeste, m’ont unanimement assure les Espagnoles a Manille, n’a point encore ete obeie jusqu’a ce jour.” Voyage, ii, p. 184.  Cf.  Zuniga. Estadismo, i, pp. 299-300.

For some of these ordinances see Retana’s notes to Zuniga, ii, p. 57 ff.

[142] Cf.  Retana’s views expressed ten years ago upon the impracticability of supplanting to any extent the Tagal language by the Spanish.  The same considerations apply equally well to English. Estadismo, ii, p. 59 ff.

[143] Estadismo, i, pp. 12-13.

[144] Retana’s Zuniga, ii, p. 527.

[145] Estadismo, i, p. 174.  I cannot take leave of Zuniga’s book without recording my opinion that it is the finest flower of the Philippine literature.  Zuniga did for the island of Luzon what Arthur Young did for France a few years earlier, or to take an apter parallel, what President Dwight did for New England.  His careful observations, relieved of tedium by a rare charm of style, his sweetness of temper, quiet humor, his love of nature and of man all combine to make his “Travels” a work that would be accorded a conspicuous place in the literature of any country.  An English translation will appear in the present series.

[146] Referring to the fort built by Columbus (December, 1492) at La Navidad, a port on the northern coast of Hispaniola (Hayti).  Upon the admiral’s return, a year later, he found that the garrison whom he had left in this fort had been destroyed by hostile Indians.

[147] That is, by some act so clear or manifest that no formal sentence of excommunication is requisite.

[148] The Gold Coast of Africa, named by its Portuguese discoverers (about 1471) Oro de la Mina (this is the Minere Auri of our text).

[149] Our text reads “commissario mayor;” Navarrete reads “Comendador mayor.”

[150] Our text reads “vos damos todo nuestro poder conplido en aquella mas abta forma que podemos;” Navarrete reads “vos damosnuestro poder cumplido en aquella manera e forma que podemos.”

[151] In Navarrete the words “& subcessores & de todos nuestros reynos & senorios” are omitted.

[152] Our text reads “qualqujer concierto, asiento, limjtacion, demarcacion, & concordia sobre lo que dicho es, por los vientos & grados de norte & del sol, & por aquellas partes divivisiones [sic] & lugares del caelo & de la mar & de la tierra;” Navarrete reads “cualquier concierto e limitacion del mar Oceano, o concordia sobre lo que dicho es, por los vientos y grados de Norte y Sur, y por aquellas partes, divisiones y lugares de seco y mar y de la tierra.”