[114] Of the commerce with China it is not necessary to speak at length, as a full account of it is given in Morga.  It was entirely in the hands of the Chinese and Mestizos and brought to Manila oriental textiles of all kinds, objects of art, jewelry, metal work and metals, nails, grain, preserves, fruit, pork, fowls, domestic animals, pets, “and a thousand other gewgaws and ornaments of little cost and price which are valued among the Spaniards.” (Morga, p. 339.) Besides the Chinese, that with Japan, Borneo, the Moluccas, Siam, and India was so considerable that in spite of the obstructions upon the commerce with America, Manila seemed to the traveler Careri (p. 444) “one of the greatest places of trade in the world.”

[115] Documentos Ineditos del Archivo de Indias, v, pp. 475-77.

[116] It would be vain to guess how many hundred people there are who are familiar with the denunciations of Las Casas to one who knows anything of the more than six hundred laws defining the status and aiming, at the protection of the Indians in the Recopilacion.

[117] Cf.  Jagor:  Reisen in den Philippinen, p. 31.

[118] Voyage de La Perouse autour du Monde, Paris, 1797, ii, p. 347.

[119] History of the Indian Archipelago, etc., by John Crawfurd, F. R. S. Edinburgh, 1820, vol. ii, pp. 447-48.

[120] That I take to be his meaning.  His words are:  “Ces institutions (i. e., the local administration) si sages et si paternelles ont valu a l’Espagne la conservation d’une colonie dont les habitants jouissent, a notre avis, de plus de liberte, de bonheur et de tranquillete que-ceux d’aucune autre nation.” i, p. 357.  Cf. also his final chapter:  “L’idigene des Philippines est l’homme plus heureux du monde.  Malgre son tribut, il n’est pas d’etre vivant en societe qui paye moins d’impot que lui.  Il est libre, il est heureux et ne pense nullement a se soulever.” ii, p. 369.

[121] A Visit to the Philippine Islands, London, 1859, p. 18.  Cf. the recent opinion of the English engineer, Frederic H. Sawyer, who lived in Luzon for fourteen years.  “The islands were badly governed by Spain, yet Spaniards and natives lived together in great harmony, and I do not know where I could find a colony in which Europeans mixed as much socially with the natives.  Not in Java, where a native of position must dismount to salute the humblest Dutchman.  Not in British India, where the Englishwoman has now made the gulf between British and native into a bottomless pit.” The Inhabitants of the Philippines, New York, 1900. p. 125.

[122] Reisen in den Philippinen, p. 287.

[123] Cornhill Magazine, 1878, pp. 161, 167.  This article is reprinted in Palgrave’s Ulysses, or Scenes in Many Lands.

[124] The Inhabitants of the Philippines, pp. vi, viii.