sciences.”  Retana characterizes his book as “un libro de merito extraordinario,” Zuniga, ii, pp. 175-76.  Mallat says:  “C’est par la seule influence de la religion que l’on a conquis les Philippines, et cette influence pourra seule les conserver.” Les Philippines, histoire, geographie, moeurs, agriculture, industrie et commerce des Colonies espagnoles dans l’oceanie. Par J. Mallat, Paris, 1846, i, p. 40.  I may say that this work seems to me the best of all the modern works on the Philippines.  The author was a man of scientific training who went to the islands to study them after a preparatory residence in Spain for two years.

[38] Morga, p. 325.

[39] Mallat, i, p. 389.

[40] Morga, p. 320.

[41] Mallat, i, pp. 382-385.

[42] Morga, p. 312.  Mallat, ii, p. 240.

[43] Morga, p. 313.  Mallat, ii, p. 244.

[44] The first regular hospital in the thirteen colonies was the Pennsylvania Hospital, incorporated in 1751.  Patients were first admitted in 1752.  Cornell, History of Pennsylvania, pp. 409-411.  There are references to a hospital in New Amsterdam in 1658, but the New York hospital was the first institution of the kind of any importance.  It was founded in 1771, but patients were not admitted till 1791. Memorial History of New York, iv, p. 407.  There was no hospital for the treatment of general diseases in Boston until the nineteenth century.  The Massachusetts General Hospital was chartered in 1811. Memorial History of Boston, iv, p. 548.

[45] Morga, p. 350.

[46] Morga, p. 314.

[47] Friar Juan Francisco de San Antonio who went to the Philippines in 1724, says that “up to the present time there has not been found a scrap of writing relating to religion, ceremonial, or the ancient political institutions.” Chronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio, etc. (Sampoloc, near Manila, 1735), i, pp. 149-150 (cited from Retana’s Zuniga, ii, p. 294.

[48] They used palm leaves for paper and an iron stylus for a pen.  “L’escriture ne leur sert que pour s’escrire les uns aux autres, car ils n’ont point d’histoires ny de Livres d’aucune Science; nos Religieux ont imprime des livres en la langue des Isles des choses de nostre Religion.” Relation des Isles Philippines, Faite par un Religieux qui y a demeure 18 ans, in Thevenot’s Voyages Curieux.  Paris 1663, ii (p. 5, of the “Relation").  This narrative is one of the earliest to contain a reproduction of the old Tagal alphabet.  Retana ascribes it to a Jesuit and dates it about 1640:  p. 13 of the catalogue of his library appended to Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, i.  The earliest printed data on the Tagal language according to Retana are those given in Chirino’s Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, Rome, 1604.

[49] Mendoza’s Historie of the Kingdome of China, volume ii, p. 263.

[50] Ibid., p. 264.