waited on his ministrations, which were instrumental in producing a great revival of religious interest, and improved morality among the people.  At the same time violent opposition was aroused, and W. was often in danger of his life from mobs.  In the end, however, he lived down this state of things to a large extent, and in his old age was the object of extraordinary general veneration, while in his own communion he exercised a kind of pontifical sway.  During the 50 years of his apostolic journeyings he is said to have travelled 250,000 miles in Britain, Ireland, and the Continent; but notwithstanding this phenomenal activity he was able, by extreme economy of time, to write copiously, his works including educational treatises, translations from the classics, histories of Rome and England, a history of the Church, biblical commentaries, manifold controversial treatises and ed. of religious classics.  Most of them had an enormous circulation and brought him in L30,000, all of which he expended on philanthropic and religious objects.  The work, however, on which his literary fame chiefly rests is his Journal, extending from 1735-90, which is one of the most graphic and interesting records of its kind in existence.  He also wrote many hymns, largely translations from the German, and he had a considerable, hand in giving their final form to the almost innumerable hymns of his brother Charles.  W. was a man of practical and organising ability of the first order, of intense religious earnestness and sincerity, benevolent feelings, and agreeable manners.  At the same time he was of an autocratic temper, and often showed keenness and even intolerance in his controversies, which were largely against the extreme Calvinism of his old friend and fellow-labourer, Whitefield, and Toplady, the author of the hymn “Rock of Ages,” himself a bitter polemic.  In 1740 he had formally withdrawn from association with the Moravians.  W. was m. in 1751 to a widow, Mrs. Vazeille, with whom, however, he did not live happily, and who separated from him in 1776.

WESTALL, WILLIAM (1834-1903).—­Novelist, was originally in business, but later betook himself to journalism, and also wrote a large number of novels, including The Old Factory, Strange Crimes, Her Ladyship’s Secret, etc., which, while healthy in tone and interesting, have no literary distinction.

WHARTON, THOMAS WHARTON, 1ST MARQUIS of (1648-1715).—­Statesman and writer of “Lillibullero,” s. of the 4th Baron W., was one of the most profligate men of his age.  He was a supporter of the Exclusion Bill, and consequently obnoxious to James II.  His only contribution to literature was the doggerel ballad, “Lillibullero” (1688), which had so powerful a political effect that its author claimed to have sung a King out of three kingdoms.  He was generally disliked and distrusted, but held for a short time, from 1708, the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, when he had Addison as his chief sec.