means towards his admission to the household of Tunstal, Bishop of London, but without success; he then lived in the house of a wealthy draper, Humphrey Monmouth, where he probably began his translation.  Finding, however, that his work was likely to be interfered with, he proceeded in 1524 to Hamburg, whence he went to visit Luther at Wittenberg.  He began printing his translation at Cologne the following year, but had to fly to Worms, where the work was completed.  The translation itself is entirely T.’s work, and is that of a thorough scholar, and shows likewise an ear for the harmony of words.  The notes and introduction are partly his own, partly literal translations, and partly the gist of the work of Luther.  From Germany the translation was introduced into England, and largely circulated until forcible means of prevention were brought to bear in 1528.  In this year T. removed to Marburg, where he pub. The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, a treatise on Justification by Faith, and The Obedience of a Christian Man, setting forth that Scripture is the ultimate authority in matters of faith, and the King in matters of civil government.  Thereafter, having been at Hamburg and Antwerp, T. returned to Marburg, and in 1530 pub. his translation of the Pentateuch and The Practice of Prelates, in which he attacked Wolsey and the proposed divorce proceedings of Henry VIII., the latter of whom endeavoured to have him apprehended.  Thereafter he was involved in a controversy with Sir Thomas More.  In 1533 he returned to Antwerp, Henry’s hostility having somewhat cooled, and was occupied in revising his translations, when he was in 1535 betrayed into the hands of the Imperial officers and carried off to the Castle of Vilvorde, where the next year he was strangled and burned.  T. was one of the most able and devoted of the reforming leaders, and his, the foundation of all future translations of the Bible, is his enduring monument.  He was a small, thin man of abstemious habits and untiring industry.

TYNDALL, JOHN (1820-1893).—­Scientific writer, b. at Leighlin Bridge, County Carlow, was in early life employed in the ordnance survey and as a railway engineer.  He was next teacher of mathematics and surveying at Queenwood Coll., Hampshire, after which he went to Marburg to study science, and while there became joint author of a memoir On the Magneto-optic Properties of Crystals (1850).  After being at Berlin he returned in 1851 to Queenwood, and in 1853 was appointed Prof. of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution, which in 1867 he succeeded Faraday as Superintendent.  With Huxley (q.v.) he made investigations into the Alpine glaciers.  Thereafter he did much original work on heat, sound, and light.  In addition to his discoveries T. was one of the greatest popularisers of science.  His style, remarkable for lucidity and elegance, enabled him to expound such subjects with the minimum of technical terminology.  Among his works are The Glaciers of the Alps (1860), Mountaineering (1861), Fragments of Science, two vols. (1871), including his address to the British Association at Belfast, which raised a storm of controversy and protest in various quarters, Hours of Exercise on the Alps, etc.  T. d. from an overdose of chloral accidentally administered by his wife.