D’ARBLAY, FRANCES (BURNEY) (1752-1840).—­Novelist, dau. of Dr. Charles B., a musician of some distinction, was b. at Lynn Regis, where her f. was organist.  Her mother having died while she was very young, and her f., who had come to London, being too busy to give her any attention, she was practically self-educated.  Her first novel, Evelina, pub. anonymously in 1778, at once by its narrative and comic power, brought her fame, and, through Mrs. Thrale (q.v.), she made the acquaintance of Dr. Johnson, with whom she became a great favourite.  Her next literary venture was a comedy, The Witlings; but, by the advice of her f., it was not put upon the stage.  In 1782, however, she produced Cecilia, which, like its predecessor, had an enormous sale, and which, though not perhaps so popular as Evelina, added to her fame.  She now became the friend of Burke and other distinguished persons, including Mrs. Delaney, through whom she became known to the royal family, and was offered the appointment of Second Keeper of the Robes, which, with some misgivings, she accepted.  This situation did not prove a happy one, the duties being menial, the society uncongenial, and the court etiquette oppressive and injurious to her health, and in 1791 she obtained permission to retire on a pension of L100.  She had, during her connection with the court, continued her Diary, which she had begun in girlhood, and continued during her whole life, and which during this period contains many interesting accounts of persons and affairs of note.  She married (1793) Gen. D’Arblay, a French emigre, their only income being her slender pension.  This she endeavoured to increase by producing a tragedy, Edwy and Elvira, which failed.  In 1795 she pub. by subscription another novel, Camilla, which, though it did not add to her reputation, considerably improved her circumstances, as it is said to have brought her L3000.  After some years spent in France, where her husband had obtained employment, she returned to England and pub. her last novel, The Wanderer, which fell flat.  Her only remaining work was a life of her father, written in an extraordinarily grandiloquent style.  She died in 1840, aged 87.

ARBUTHNOT, JOHN (1667-1735).—­Physician and satirist, was b. in Kincardineshire, and after studying at Aberdeen and Oxford, took his degree of M.D. at St. Andrews.  Settling in London, he taught mathematics.  Being by a fortunate accident at Epsom, he was called in to prescribe for Prince George, who was suddenly taken ill there, and was so successful in his treatment that he was appointed his regular physician.  This circumstance made his professional fortune, for his ability enabled him to take full advantage of it, and in 1705 he became physician to the Queen.  He became the cherished friend of Swift and Pope, and himself gained a high reputation as a wit and man of letters.  His principal