have driven them from the stage.  These latter qualities brought them under the lash of Jeremy Collier (q.v.) in his Short View of the English Stage.  Congreve rushed into controversy with his critic who, however, proved too strong for him.  C. was a favourite at Court, and had various lucrative offices conferred upon him.  In his latter years he was blind; otherwise his life was prosperous, and he achieved his chief ambition of being admired as a fine gentleman and gallant. Life, Gosse (1888). Works, ed. by Henley (1895), also Mermaid Series (1888).

CONINGTON, JOHN (1825-1869).—­Translator, s. of a clergyman at Boston, Lincolnshire, where he was b., ed., at Rugby and Magdalen and Univ.  Coll., Oxf., and began the study of law, but soon relinquished it, and devoting himself to scholarship, became Prof. of Latin at Oxf. (1854-1869).  His chief work is his translation of Virgil’s AEneid in the octosyllabic metre of Scott (1861-68).  He also translated the Satires and Epistles of Horace in Pope’s couplets, and completed Worsley’s Iliad in Spenserian stanza.  He also brought out valuable ed. of Virgil and Perseus.  C. was one of the greatest translators whom England has produced.

CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613).—­Poet, s. of Sir Robert C., ed. at Camb., but becoming a Roman Catholic, went to Paris, and acted as an agent for the Catholic powers.  He d. at Liege.  In 1592 he pub. Diana, a collection of sonnets, and contributed to England’s Helicon four poems, including Diaphenia and Venus and Adonis.  His style is characterised by fervour and richness of colour.

COOKE, JOHN ESTEN (1830-1886).—­Novelist, b. in Virginia, illustrated the life and history of his native state in the novels, The Virginia Comedians (1854), and The Wearing of the Gray, a tale of the Civil War, and more formally in an excellent History of the State.  His style was somewhat high-flown.

COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851).—­Novelist, b. at Burlington, New Jersey, and ed. at Yale Coll., he in 1808 entered the U.S.  Navy, in which he remained for 3 years, an experience which was of immense future value to him as an author.  It was not until 1821 that his first novel, Precaution, appeared.  Its want of success did not discourage him, and in the next year (1822), he produced The Spy, which at once gained him a high place as a story-teller.  He wrote over 30 novels, of which may be mentioned The Pioneers (1823), The Pilot (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1826), The Red Rover (1831), The Bravo (1840), The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer (1841), The Two Admirals (1842), and Satanstoe (1845).  He also wrote a Naval History of the United States (1839).  C. was possessed of remarkable narrative and descriptive powers, and could occasionally delineate character.  He had the merit of opening up an entirely new field, and giving expression to the spirit of the New World, but his true range was limited, and he sometimes showed a lack of judgment in choosing subjects with which he was not fitted to deal.  He was a proud and combative but honest and estimable man.