named from its capital, the celebrated seat of learning from the time of Zoroaster, and where Avicenna acquired the knowledge which made him so famous. Bucharia, or Bactria borders upon Quiximir or Cashmire and Mount Caucasus, which divides India from the provinces of Tartary in the north.  This kingdom of the Moguls now reaches to the mountainous regions of Parveti and Bagous which they call Angou [199].  As in this dominion there ace great mountains, so there are likewise very large and fruitful plains, watered by five rivers which compose the Indus.  These are the Bet, Satinague, Chanao, Rave, and Rea[200].  The cities of this country are numerous and, the men courageous.

[Footnote 199:  De Faria becomes here unintelligible, unless he here means the range of mountains which bound Hindostan, particularly on the north-west, including Cashmir and Cabul; which seems probable as immediately followed in the text by the Punjab, or country on the five rivers composing the Indus.—­E.]

[Footnote 200:  These rivers are so strangely perverted in their orthography as hardly to be recognisable, and some of them not at all.  The true Punjab or five rivers is entirely on the east of the Indus, Sinde or Nilab.  Its five rivers are the Behut or Hydaspes, Chunab or Acesinas, Rauvee or Hydraotes, Setlege or Hesudrus, and a tributary stream of the last named the Hyphasis by the ancients.  These two last are the Beyah and Setlege of the moderns.  The Kameh and Comul run into the Indus to the west of the Punjab—­E.]

The Moguls are of the Mahometan religion, using the Turkish and Persian languages.  They are of fair complexions, and well made, but have, small eyes like the Tartars and Chinese.  Their nobility wear rich and gay clothes, fashioned like those of the Persians, and have long beards.  Their military dress is very costly, their arms being splendidly gilt and highly polished, and they are singularly expert in the use of the bow.  In battle they are brave and well disciplined and use artillery.  Their padishah is treated with wonderful majesty, seldom making his appearance in public, and has a guard of 2000 horse, which is changed quarterly.  Both Moguls and Patans endeavoured to conquer India; but by treachery and the event of war, the Patans and the kingdom of Delhi were reduced by the Moguls at the time when Baber, the great-grandson of the great Tamerlane was their padishah.

At the period to which we have now proceeded in our history of the Portuguese in India, Omaum or Humayun, the son of Baber, was padishah of the Moguls, and declared war against Badur king of Guzerat; who immediately sent an army of 20,000 horse and a vast multitude of foot to ravage the frontiers of the enemy.  Ingratitude never escapes unpunished, as was exemplified on this occasion. Crementii queen of Chitore, who had formerly saved the