(16.) [Liliha was the wife of Boki, governor of Oahu under Kamehameha II.]

(17.) The most curious thing which attracts the traveler’s eye in the ruins of the temples built by Umi is the existence of a mosaic pavement, in the form of a regular cross, which extends throughout the whole length and breadth of the inclosure.  This symbol is not found in monuments anterior to this king, nor in those of later times.  One can not help seeing in this an evidence of the influence of the two shipwrecked white men whose advent we have referred to.  Can we not conclude, from the existence of these Christian emblems, that about the time when the great Umi filled the group with his name, the Spanish or Portuguese shipwrecked persons endeavored to introduce the worship of Christ to these islands?  Kama of Waihopua (Ka’u) has given us, through Napi, an explanation of the four compartments observed in the temple of Umi, represented by the following figure; but if we accept this explanation of Kama, it is as difficult to understand why this peculiarity is observed in the monuments of Umi, and not in any other heiau; as, for example, Kupalaha, situated in the territory of Makapala; Mokini, at Puuepa; Aiaikamahina, toward the sea at Kukuipahu; Kuupapaulau, inland at Kukuipahu-mauka.  The remains of these four remarkable temples are found in the district of Kohala.  Not the least vestige of the crucial division is to be seen.  The god Kaili [see the first page of the Appendix], a word which means a theft, was not known before the time of Umi. [The temple of Iliiliopae, at the mouth of Mapulehu Valley, on Molokai, is divided as in the diagram, and the same is true of many other heiau; and as it seems to have been the usual form, it is not probable that the form of the cross had any thing to do with it.]

+----------------------------------+------------------+

| Place of the god Kaili.   | Place of the god Ku.    |
+----------------------------------+------------------+
| Place of the priest Lono. | Place of the chief Umi. |
+----------------------------------+------------------+
>
(18.) It does not seem improbable that a premature
death removed the foreigner who could have given Umi
the idea of an art until then unknown; and had the
foreigner lived longer, these curious stones would
have served to build an edifice of which the native
architects knew not the proportions.
(19.) [The cities of Refuge were a remarkable feature
of Hawaiian antiquity.  There were two of these
Pahonua on Hawaii.  The one at Honaunau,
as measured by Rev. W. Ellis, was seven hundred and
fifteen feet in length and four hundred and four feet
wide.  Its walls were twelve feet high and fifteen
feet thick, formerly surmounted by huge images, which
stood four rods apart, on their whole circuit. 
Within this inclosure were three large heiau, one
of which was a solid truncated pyramid of stone one
hundred and twenty-six feet by sixty, and ten feet