301;
  pious frauds of, in England, 318;
  receive pensions, 320;
  oppose reforms in England, 344;
  privileges and powers of the, affected by the suppression, 347;
  charity of the, 348, 410, 411;
  objects of the, 360;
  once held in high esteem, 361;
  their flight from Rome, 368;
  diversity of opinions respecting the, 388;
  effect of austerities on the, 390;
  effect of solitude on the, 393;
  deficiencies in the best, 394;
  as missionaries, 398;
  civic duties and the, 399;
  military quarrels incited by the, 401;
  enthusiasm for religion kept alive by the, 413;
  their sense of sin, exaggeration in their views and methods, 413;
  their doctrine of hell, 417;
  the doctrine of the cross and the, 418.
  See Mendicants, Benedict, Order of St., etc. 
Montaigne, on the temptations of solitude, 393. 
Montalembert, on Eastern monachism, 67;
  on Benedict, 130;
  on the ruin of French cloisters, 351;
  on the attractions of solitude, 364;
  on the value of the monks, 388, 406. 
Montanists, The, and asceticism, 27. 
Monte Cassino, Monastery at, Montalembert on, 134;
  sketch of its history, 134. 
Montserrat, tablet on Ignatius in church at, 262. 
More, Sir Thomas, causes of his death, 298;
  his character, 299;
  influence of, in prison, 303, 305;
  on Henry’s ambition, 322. 
Morton, Cardinal, on the vices of the monks, 338. 
Mosheim, on Francis, 225;
  on the quarrel of the Franciscans, 247. 
Mozoomdar, on the motives and spirit of Oriental asceticism, 358. 
Mutius, taught renunciation, 62.

N

Neander, compares Jovinian to Luther, 127;
  on the dreams of Francis, 209. 
Newman, Cardinal, on Benedict’s mission, 149. 
Nicholas, St., Monastery of, 240. 
Normans, The, and the alien priories, 341. 
Novitiate, Benedictine, extended by Gregory, 160;
  of the Jesuits, 260, 269.
  See various orders. 
Nun, see Women. 
Nunneries, origin of, 106.

O

Obedience, vow of, in Pachomian rule, 61;
  enforced by Basil, 66;
  among the Jesuits, 266;
  Loyola on, 267;
  Dom Guigo on, 383;
  its value and its abuses, 384. 
Observantines, 246. 
Oliphant, Mrs., on the temptations of Francis, 218;
  on the stigmata, 222. 
Origen, on Christianity in Britain, 123. 
Oswald, aids Dunstan in reforms, 186. 
Oxford University, friars enter, 251;
  founded by monks, 406.

P

Pachomius, St., 32;
  birth and early life of, 58. 
Pachomian Monks, rules of, 58;
  vows, 61;
  their number and spread, 63. 
Pagan philosophy powerless to save Rome, 76. 
Palgrave on the miter, 400. 
Pamplona, Ignatius wounded at siege of, 262.