styled either Whigs or Tories.  Which is, as if two brothers apprehended their house would be set upon, but disagreed about the place from whence they thought the robbers would come, and therefore would go on different sides to defend it.  They must needs weaken and expose themselves by such a separation; and so did we, only our case was worse:  for in order to keep off a weak, remote enemy, from whom we could not suddenly apprehend any danger, we took a nearer and a stronger one into the house.  I make no comparison at all between the two enemies:  Popery and slavery are without doubt the greatest and most dreadful of any; but I may venture to affirm, that the fear of these, have not, at least since the Revolution, been so close and pressing upon us, as that from another faction; excepting only one short period, when the leaders of that very faction, invited the abdicating king to return; of which I have formerly taken notice.

Having thus declared what sort of persons I have always meant, under the denomination of Whigs, it will be easy to shew whom I understand by Tories.  Such whose principles in Church and State, are what I have above related; whose actions are derived from thence, and who have no attachment to any set of ministers, further than as these are friends to the constitution in all its parts, but will do their utmost to save their prince and country, whoever be at the helm.

By these descriptions of Whig and Tory, I am sensible those names are given to several persons very undeservedly; and that many a man is called by one or the other, who has not the least title to the blame or praise I have bestowed on each of them throughout my papers.

[Footnote 1:  No. 43 in the reprint. [T.S.]]

[Footnote 2:  Horace, “Epistles,” II. ii. 44. 
“Fair truth from falsehood to discern.”—­P.  FRANCIS. [T.S.]]

[Footnote 3:  There were four factions, or parties, distinguished by their colours, which contended in the ancient circus at Constantinople.  The white and the red were the most ancient.  In the sixth century the dissension between the green (or Prasini) and the blue (or Veneti) was so violent, that 40,000 men were killed, and the factions were abolished from that time.  See also Gibbon’s “Rome,” chap. xl. [T.S.]]

[Footnote 4:  The Guelfs were the Papal and popular party in Italy, and the Ghibellines were the imperial and aristocratic.  It is said that these names were first used as war cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 1140. [T.S.]]

[Footnote 5:  These terms came into use about 1641. [T.S.]]

[Footnote 6:  Writing under date, 1681, Burnet says “At this time the distinguishing names of Whig and Tory came to be the denominations of the parties” ("Hist.  Own Times,” i. 499) [T.S.]

Whig a more was a nick name given to the western peasantry of Scotland, from then using the words frequently in driving strings of horses.  Hence, as connected with Calvinistical principles in religion, and republican doctrines in policy, it was given as a term of reproach to the opposition party in the latter years of Charles II.  These retorted upon the courtiers the word Tory, signifying an Irish free-booter, and particularly applicable to the Roman Catholic followers of the Duke of York. [S]