[Footnote 14:  The common tendency to make the Christian sacraments an ultimate end rather than a mean, is exhibited in the heading of the tenth chapter of the 1st Epistle to the Corinthians, in our authorized version, where we find the first verses described as stating, that “the Jews’ sacraments were types of ours.”  Whereas, so far is it from the apostle’s argument to represent our sacraments as the reality of which the Jews’ sacraments were the type, that he is describing theirs and ours as co-ordinate with each other, and both alike subordinate to the same truth; and he argues, that if the Jews, with their sacraments, did notwithstanding lose the reality which those sacraments typified, so we should take heed lest we, with our sacraments, should lose it also.  The erroneous heading is not given in the Geneva Bible, where we have, on the contrary, the true observation; “the sacraments of the old fathers were all one with ours, for they respected Christ only.”  It is true that if no more were meant than that “the Jews’ sacraments were like ours,” there would be no reason to object to the expression; but apparently more is meant, as the word type seems to imply that what it is compared with is the reality, of which it is itself only the image; and one thing cannot properly be called the type of another, when both are but types of the same third thing.  But the divines of James the First’s reign and of his son’s, were to the reformers exactly what the so-called fathers were to the apostles:  the very same tendencies, growing up even in Elizabeth’s reign, becoming strengthened under the Stuart kings, and fully developed in the nonjurors, which distinguish the divines of the seventeenth century from those of the sixteenth, distinguish also the church system from the gospel.  There are many who readily acknowledge this difference in the English church, while they would deny it in the case of the ancient church.  Indeed, it is not yet deemed prudent to avow openly that they prefer the so-called fathers to the apostles, and therefore they try to persuade themselves that both speak the same language.  And doubtless, if the Scriptures are to be interpreted according to the rule of the writers of the third, and fourth, and fifth centuries, the thing can easily be effected; as, by a similar process, the Articles of the Church of England, if interpreted according to the rule of the nonjurors and their successors, might be made to speak the very sentiments which their authors designed to condemn.]

Our Lord repels the notion of a literal acceptation of his words, where he says,—­“It is the Spirit which profiteth, the flesh profiteth nothing; the words which I speak unto you, they are Spirit and they are life.”  It seems impossible, therefore, to refer these words, which he tells us expressly are Spirit and life, to any outward act of eating and drinking as their highest truth and object.