[Footnote 13:  Royal Society:  The Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge; the oldest scientific society in Great Britain, and one of the oldest in Europe.  It was founded by Charles ii, in 1660, its nucleus being an association of learned men already in existence.  It is supposed to be identical with the Invisible College which Boyle mentions in 1646.  It was incorporated under the name of The Royal Society in 1661.  The publications of the Royal Society are called Philosophical Transactions.  The society has close connection with the government, and has assisted the government in various important scientific undertakings among which may be mentioned Parry’s North Pole expedition.  The society also distributes $20,000 yearly for the promotion of scientific research.]

[Footnote 14:  Rastignac:  a character in Le Pere Goriot.  At the close of the story Rastignac says, “A nous deux, maintenant":—­Henceforth there is war between us.]

[Footnote 15:  Pere Goriot:  a novel of Balzac’s with a plot similar to King Lear.]

[Footnote 16:  Professor Tyndall (1820-1893):  a distinguished British physicist and member of the Royal Society.  He explored with Huxley the glaciers of Switzerland.  His work in electricity, radiant heat, light and acoustics gave him a foremost place in science.]

[Footnote 17:  Ecclesiastical spirit:  the spirit manifested by the clergy of England in Huxley’s time against the truths of science.  The clergy considered scientific truth to be disastrous to religious truth.  Huxley’s attitude toward the teaching of religious truth is illuminated by this quotation, which he uses to explain his own position:  “I have the fullest confidence that in the reading and explaining of the Bible, what the children will be taught will be the great truths of Christian Life and conduct, which all of us desire they should know, and that no effort will be made to cram into their poor little minds, theological dogmas which their tender age prevents them from understanding.”  Huxley defines his idea of a church as a place in which, “week by week, services should be devoted, not to the iteration of abstract propositions in theology, but to the setting before men’s minds of an ideal of true, just and pure living; a place in which those who are weary of the burden of daily cares should find a moment’s rest in the contemplation of the higher life which is possible for all, though attained by so few; a place in which the man of strife and of business should have time to think how small, after all, are the rewards he covets compared with peace and charity.”]

[Footnote 18:  New Reformation:  Huxley writes:  “We are in the midst of a gigantic movement greater than that which preceded and produced the Reformation, and really only the continuation of that movement. . . .  But this organization will be the work of generations of men, and those who further it most will be those who teach men to rest in no lie, and to rest in no verbal delusion.”]