with fences, and that all came in by the gates and paid their money, for wily merchants were sometimes known to burrow under fences or climb over them so as to avoid the toll.  Then the streets of Paris were crowded with merchants bringing their goods, packed in carts and upon horses and oxen; and on the opening day all regular trade in Paris stopped for a month, and every Parisian shopkeeper was in a booth somewhere in the fair, exchanging the corn and wine and honey of the district for rarer goods from foreign parts.  Bodo’s abbey probably had a stall in the fair and sold some of those pieces of cloth woven by the serfs in the women’s quarter, or cheeses and salted meat prepared on the estates, or wine paid in rent by Bodo and his fellow-farmers.  Bodo would certainly take a holiday and go to the fair.  In fact, the steward would probably have great difficulty in keeping his men at work during the month; Charlemagne had to give a special order to his stewards that they should ’be careful that our men do properly the work which it is lawful to exact from them, and that they do not waste their time in running about to markets and fairs’.  Bodo and Ermentrude and the three children, all attired in their best, did not consider it waste of time to go to the fair even twice or three times.  They pretended that they wanted to buy salt to salt down their winter meat, or some vermilion dye to colour a frock for the baby.  What they really wanted was to wander along the little rows of booths and look at all the strange things assembled there; for merchants came to St Denys to sell their rich goods from the distant East to Bodo’s betters, and wealthy Frankish nobles bargained there for purple and silken robes with orange borders, stamped leather jerkins, peacock’s feathers, and the scarlet plumage of flamingos (which they called ’phoenix skins’), scents and pearls and spices, almonds and raisins, and monkeys for their wives to play with.[25] Sometimes these merchants were Venetians, but more often they were Syrians or crafty Jews, and Bodo and his fellows laughed loudly over the story of how a Jewish merchant had tricked a certain bishop, who craved for all the latest novelties, by stuffing a mouse with spices and offering it for sale to him, saying that ’he had brought this most precious never-before-seen animal from Judea,’ and refusing to take less than a whole measure of silver for it.[26] In exchange for their luxuries these merchants took away with them Frisian cloth, which was greatly esteemed, and corn and hunting dogs, and sometimes a piece of fine goldsmith’s work, made in a monastic workshop.  And Bodo would hear a hundred dialects and tongues, for men of Saxony and Frisia, Spain and Provence, Rouen and Lombardy, and perhaps an Englishman or two, jostled each other in the little streets; and from time to time there came also an Irish scholar with a manuscript to sell, and the strange, sweet songs of Ireland on his lips: 

A hedge of trees surrounds me,
A blackbird’s lay sings to me;
Above my lined booklet
The thrilling birds chant to me.