[54] In the original, ochenta only—­y cinco evidently omitted by some oversight, as the date is written “1586” at the end of the document.

[55] Alvaro Manrique do Zuniga, Marques de Villa Manrique, was viceroy of Nueva Espana from October 17, 1585, to February, 1590.

[56] The reformed Franciscans were commonly called Observantines, from their stricter observance of the rules of their order.

[57] According to La Concepcion (Hist.  Philipinas, ii, p. 92), the plans for this fort were made by the Jesuit Sedeno; and it was named Nuestra Senora de Guia ("Our Lady of Guidance").  He adds that the artillery was cast (at Baluarte) under the direction of a Pampanga Indian—­whose name, Morga says, was Pandapira.

[58] Considerable copper ore is found in the Philippines, in many localities; but these deposits are little known, and have not been worked—­except in northern Luzon, where “copper ore has been smelted by the natives from time immemorial.  The process ... consists in alternate partial roasting and reduction to ‘matte,’ and eventually to black copper.  It is generally believed that this process must have been introduced from China or Japan.  It is practiced only by one peculiar tribe of natives, the Igorrotes ...  Mean assays are said to show over 16 per cent of copper.”  See U.S.  Philippine Commission’s Report, 1900, iii, p. 235.

[59] Sulphur deposits abound about the numerous active and extinct volcanoes in the Philippines ...  The finest deposits in the archipelago are said to be on the little island of Biliran, which lies to the N.W. of Leyte.  See U.S.  Philippine Gazetteer, p. 85.

[60] The ancient name of the city of Kioto, which was formerly the capital of Japan; it lies 250 miles S.W. of Tokio.

[61] This exploit was performed by Thomas Candish, on Nov. 4, 1587, off Cape San Lucas, the southern point of Lower California.  After some six hours’ fight the “Santa Ana” surrendered; her crew and passengers, numbering 190 persons, men and women, were set ashore, with supplies and provisions; the rich cargo—­consisting of silks, damasks, perfumes, food, and wine, with 122,000 pesos’ worth of gold—­was plundered; and the ship (a galleon carrying 500 tons of goods) was burned, with all that the victors could not carry away.  Candish then set sail for the Philippines, which he sighted on Jan. 14, 1588; but his small force of ships and men did not permit him to do more than cruise through the archipelago during a fortnight, when he departed toward Java.  See Candish’s account in Hakluyt’s Voyages (Goldsmid ed.), xvi, pp. 30, 35-45.