three-fifths of a pound) should be animal food.  The Portuguese soldier (much better fed than the peasant) receives but seventeen grammes (little over half an ounce) of animal food.”  Notwithstanding the superior food of the soldier, such is the hatred of the peasant for the aristocratic classes, in whose service the army is employed, that he will mutilate himself to escape the conscription.[6] Says Malte-Brun:  “During four months of the year the inhabitants of the Algarve have little to eat but raw figs.  This causes a disease called mal de veriga, which sweeps away numbers of the people.”  Says Doria:  “All the women work in the fields;” and Dr. Farr[7] tells us that “when women are employed in any but domestic labors they discharge the duties of mother imperfectly, and the mortality of children is high.”  Says Forrester:  “Leavened bread is beginning to be known in the principal cities, but not in the provinces.  Gourds, cabbages and turnip-sprouts, with bread made from chestnuts (which are always wormy), form the peasant’s diet.”  “In Algarve carob-beans are commonly roasted, ground into flour and made into bread.”  Says Da Silva:[8] “The growth of the peasantry is stunted by insufficient nourishment, which consists largely of chestnuts, beans and chick-peas.”

[Footnote 3:  Prize Essay on Portugal, London, 1854.]

[Footnote 4:  Parliamentary Papers, London, 1870.]

[Footnote 5:  Estudos Estatisticos, hygienicos e administrativas sobre as doencas e a mortalidade do exercito Portuguez, etc., by Dr. Jose Antonio Marques, Lisbon, 1862.]

[Footnote 6:  Doria, p. 184.]

[Footnote 7:  The Registrar-General of England.]

[Footnote 8:  L.A.  Rebello da Silva (minister of marine), Economia.  Rural, Lisbon, 1868.]

The utmost area of land which the average Portuguese peasant can cultivate is two and a half acres:  in the United States the average of cultivated land per laborer is over thirty-two acres; on prairie-land sixty acres is not uncommon.  Forrester writes:  “In the Alto Douro, the richest portion of the kingdom, the villages are formed of wretched hovels with unglazed windows and without chimneys.  Instead of bread or the ordinary necessaries of life, one finds only filth, wretchedness and death.  Emigration is the one thought of the people.”

Now for the moral, intellectual and physical results of the destitution thus evinced.  The work entitled Voyage du Duc du Chatelet en Portugal, although usually quoted under this title, was really written by M. Comartin, a royalist of La Vendee, and written during the French Revolution.  If it had any bias at all, that bias was all in favor of Portugal, yet this is his description of her people:  “Il est, je pense, peu de peuple plus laid que celui de Portugal.  Il est petit, basane, mal conforme.  L’interieur repond, en general, assez a cette repoussante envelope, surtout a Lisbonne, ou les hommes