Conversely, you can use a syllogism to bring out some essential part of the reasoning of an opponent which you know will not commend itself to the audience, as did Lincoln in his debate with Douglas at Galesburg. Douglas had defended the Dred Scott decision of the United States Supreme Court, which decided that the right of property in a slave is affirmed by the United States Constitution. Lincoln wished to make the consequences of this doctrine as glaringly evident as possible. He did so as follows:
I think it follows, and I
submit to the consideration of men capable
of arguing, whether as I state
it, in syllogistic form, the argument
has any fault in it.
Nothing in the Constitution
or laws of any State can destroy a right
distinctly and expressly affirmed
in the Constitution of the United
States.
The right of property in a
slave is distinctly and expressly
affirmed in the Constitution
of the United States.
Therefore, nothing in the
Constitution or laws of any State can
destroy the right of property
in a slave.
I believe that no fault can
be pointed out in that argument;
assuming the truth of the
premises, the conclusion, so far as I have
capacity at all to understand
it, follows inevitably.[43]
Lincoln knew that this doctrine that no state could interfere with slavery would be intolerable to the people of Illinois, before whom he was carrying on his campaign; and this syllogism made clear to them the consequences of the decision of the Supreme Court.
Or you can use a syllogism to make obvious a flaw in the reasoning of your opponent, as in the following example:
In view of the history of commission government in this country so far as it has been made, the burden of proof rests with those who attempt to show that a government which has been so successful in cities of moderate size will not be successful in our largest cities. The syllogism they are required to prove runs briefly thus:
Commission government is acknowledged to have been successful in cities as large as one hundred and thirty thousand inhabitants, but
It has not been tried in cities containing more than one hundred and thirty thousand inhabitants;
Therefore, it will not be successful in cities of four hundred thousand or larger, which is a reductio ad absurdum.
The folly of the attempt is shown by the very statement of the conclusion.[44]
44. The Dilemma. One special form of the syllogism is at times so strong an argument that it deserves special mention here, namely, the dilemma. This is a syllogism in which the major premise consists of two or more hypothetical propositions (that is, propositions with an “if” clause) and the minor of a disjunctive proposition (a proposition with two or more clauses connected by “or").