being hanged, beheaded, impaled, torn by dogs, destroyed by elephants, bitten by serpents, or other devices, according to the nature of the crimes; the executions being generally in the public market-place.  The governors of provinces and cities administer justice in a similar manner.  I could never hear of any written law, the will of the king and his substitutes being the law.  His vicegerents are not allowed to continue long in one place, lest they acquire popularity, and are therefore usually removed yearly.  They receive the letters of the king with every possible indication of respect.  They look to receive presents from all who have occasion to apply to them; and, if not often gratified with these, will ask for them, and will even send back such as they do not approve, demanding better to be substituted.  The cadi has power to imprison debtors and sureties, who are bound by written deeds; and men in power, for payment of debts due to them, will often sell the persons, wives, and children of their debtors, which is warranted by the customs of the land.

The king appears in public three times every day.  His first appearance is at sun-rise, from a bow-window looking; towards the east, where great multitudes assemble to salute him, or give him the salam, calling out padishah salamet, which signifies Live, O King!  At noon he again sits in public seeing his elephants fight, or some other pastimes.  A little before sun-set, he shews himself a third time, at a window looking to the west, whence he retires amid the sound of drums and wind-instruments of music, the acclamations of the people adding to the noise.  At any of these three appearances, all who have any suit to him hold up their petitions to be seen, and are heard in their own causes.  Between seven and nine in the evening, he again sits in private, attended by his nobles.

No subject of this empire holds any lands by inheritance, neither have they any titles but such as depend on the will of the king.  Owing to this, many of the grandees live up fully to the extent of their means.  Merchants also, and others, are very careful to conceal their wealth, lest they be made spunges.  Some small means of living are allowed by the king to the sons of his great men, which they can never make better, unless they succeed to the favour enjoyed by their fathers.  His pensions are reckoned by the numbers of horsemen allotted to each; and of these he pays a million in the whole extent of his empire, to the amount of twenty-five pounds being yearly allowed for each horseman, which are drawn from lands, specified in the particular grants or commissions.  There are about twenty of his courtiers who have each the pay of 5000 horse; others of 4000, 3000, 2000, and so downwards.  He who has the pay of 5000, is bound to have 2000 always on foot ready for service, and so in like proportion for all others.  This absolute dependence renders them dissolute parasites.  When the Mogul gives advancement to any one, he adds a new name or title, as Pharaoh did to Joseph.  These names or titles are very significant; as Mahobet Khan, the beloved lord; Khan Jahaun, the lord of my heart; Khan Allum, the lord of the world, &c.