Nor are these all the proofs of their utter barbarism; among many other writers of discernment, Ulla tells us, “their imbecility is so visible that one can hardly form an idea of them different from what one has of the brutes.  Nothing disturbs the tranquillity of their souls, equally insensible to disasters and to prosperity.  Though half naked, they are as contented as a monarch in his most splendid array.  Fear makes no impression on them, and respect as little.”  All this is furthermore supported by the authority of M. Boggier.  “It is not easy,” says he, “to describe the degree of their indifference for wealth and all its advantages.  One does not well know what motives to propose to them when one would persuade them to any service.  It is vain to offer them money; they answer they are not hungry.”  And Vane gas confirms the whole, assuring us that “ambition they have none, and are more desirous of being thought strong than valiant.  The objects of ambition with us—­honor, fame, reputation, riches, posts, and distinctions—­are unknown among them.  So that this powerful spring of action, the cause of so much seeming good and real evil in the world, has no power over them.  In a word, these unhappy mortals may be compared to children, in whom the development of reason is not completed.”

Now all these peculiarities, although in the unenlightened states of Greece they would have entitled their possessors to immortal honor, as having reduced to practice those rigid and abstemious maxims, the mere talking about which acquired certain old Greeks the reputation of sages and philosophers; yet were they clearly proved in the present instance to betoken a most abject and brutified nature, totally beneath the human character.  But the benevolent fathers, who had undertaken to turn these unhappy savages into dumb beasts by dint of argument, advanced still stronger proofs; for as certain divines of the sixteenth century, and among the rest Lullus, affirm, the Americans go naked, and have no beards!  “They have nothing,” says Lullus, “of the reasonable animal, except the mask.”  And even that mask was allowed to avail them but little, for it was soon found that they were of a hideous copper complexion—­and being of a copper complexion, it was all the same as if they were negroes—­and negroes are black, “and black,” said the pious fathers, devoutly crossing themselves, “is the color of the devil!” Therefore, so far from being able to own property, they had no right even to personal freedom—­for liberty is too radiant a deity to inhabit such gloomy temples.  All which circumstances plainly convinced the righteous followers of Cortes and Pizarro that these miscreants had no title to the soil that they infested—­that they were a perverse, illiterate, dumb, beardless, black-seed—­mere wild beasts of the forests and, like them, should either be subdued or exterminated.

From the foregoing arguments, therefore, and a variety of others equally conclusive, which I forbear to enumerate, it is clearly evident that this fair quarter of the globe, when first visited by Europeans, was a howling wilderness, inhabited by nothing but wild beasts; and that the transatlantic visitors acquired an incontrovertible property therein, by the right of discovery.