Although the prominence of Arthur James Balfour in English contemporary life is in the main that of a statesman, he has a high place as a critic of philosophy, especially in its relation to religion.  During the early part of his life his interests were entirely those of a student.  He was born in 1848, a member of the Cecil family, and a nephew of the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury.  His tastes were those of a retired thinker.  He cared for literature, music, and philosophy, but very little for the political world; so little that he never read the newspapers.  This tendency was increased by his delicate health.  When, therefore, as a young man in the neighborhood of thirty, he was made Secretary for Scotland, people laughed.  His uncle’s choice proved to be a wise one, however; and he later, in 1886, gave his nephew the very important position of Irish Secretary, at a time when some of the ablest and most experienced statesmen had failed.  Mr. Balfour won an unexpected success and a wide reputation, and from that time on he developed rapidly into one of the most skillful statesmen of the Conservative party.  By tradition and by temperament he is an extreme Tory; and it is in the opposition, as a skillful fencer in debate and a sharp critic of pretentious schemes, that he has been most admired and most feared.  However, he is kept from being narrowly confined to the traditional point of view by the philosophic interests and training of his mind, which he has turned into practical fairness.  Some of his speeches are most original in suggestion, and all show a literary quality of a high order.  His writings on other subjects are also broad, scholarly, and practical.  ‘A Defense of Philosophic Doubt’ is thought by some philosophers to be the ablest work of destructive criticism since Hume.  ‘The Foundations of Belief’ covers somewhat the same ground and in more popular fashion.  ‘Essays and Addresses’ is a collection of papers on literature and sociology.

[Illustration:  ARTHUR J. BALFOUR]

THE PLEASURES OF READING

From his Rectorial Address before the University of Glasgow

I confess to have been much perplexed in my search for a topic on which I could say something to which you would have patience to listen, or on which I might find it profitable to speak.  One theme however there is, not inappropriate to the place in which I stand, nor I hope unwelcome to the audience which I address.  The youngest of you have left behind that period of youth during which it seems inconceivable that any book should afford recreation except a story-book.  Many of you are just reaching the period when, at the end of your prescribed curriculum, the whole field and compass of literature lies outspread before you; when, with faculties trained and disciplined, and the edge of curiosity not dulled or worn with use, you may enter at your leisure into the intellectual heritage of the centuries.