do as he wished, but begged him in the meantime to take the tray with the dirk, according to proper form.  When Sano reached out his hand to take the tray, the second cut off his head immediately.  Now, although this was not exactly right, still as the second acted so in order to save a Samurai from the disgrace of performing the hara-kiri improperly (by crying out), it can never be wrong for a second to act kindly, If the principal urgently requests to be allowed really to disembowel himself, his wish may, according to circumstances, be granted; but in this case care must be taken that no time be lost in striking off the head.  The custom of striking off the head, the prisoner only going through the semblance of disembowelling himself, dates from the period Yempo (about 190 years ago).

When the principal has taken his place, the second strips his right shoulder of the dress of ceremony, which he allows to fall behind his sleeve, and, drawing his sword, lays down the scabbard, taking care that his weapon is not seen by the principal; then he takes his place on the left of the principal and close behind him.  The principal should sit facing the west, and the second facing the north, and in that position should he strike the blow.  When the second perceives the assistant second bring out the tray on which is laid the dirk, he must brace up his nerves and settle his heart beneath his navel:  when the tray is laid down, he must put himself in position to strike the blow.  He should step out first with the left foot, and then change so as to bring his right foot forward:  this is the position which he should assume to strike; he may, however, reverse the position of his feet.  When the principal removes his upper garments, the second must poise his sword:  when the principal reaches out his hand to draw the tray towards him, as he leans his head forward a little, is the exact moment for the second to strike.  There are all sorts of traditions about this.  Some say that the principal should take the tray and raise it respectfully to his head, and set it down; and that this is the moment to strike.  There are three rules for the time of cutting off the head:  the first is when the dirk is laid on the tray; the second is when the principal looks at the left side of his belly before inserting the dirk; the third is when he inserts the dirk.  If these three moments are allowed to pass, it becomes a difficult matter to cut off the head:  so says tradition.  However, four moments for cutting are also recorded:  first, when the assistant second retires after having laid down the stand on which is the dirk; second, when the principal draws the stand towards him; third, when he takes the dirk in his hand; fourth, when he makes the incision into the belly.  Although all four ways are approved, still the first is too soon; the last three are right and proper.  In short, the blow should be struck without delay.  If he has struck off the head at a blow without failure,