[Footnote 70:  10 Sho = 1 To. 10 To = 1 Koku.]

“Item.—­At the present time, taxes are raised on nineteen of our articles of produce; whereas our former lord only required that we should furnish him with pulse and sesamum, for which he paid in rice.

“Item.—­Not only are we not paid now for our produce, but, if it is not given in to the day, we are driven and goaded by the officials; and if there be any further delay, we are manacled and severely reprimanded; so that if our own crops fail, we have to buy produce from other districts, and are pushed to the utmost extremity of affliction.

“Item.—­We have over and over again prayed to be relieved from these burthens, but our petitions are not received.  The people are reduced to poverty, so that it is hard for them to live under such grievous taxation.  Often they have tried to sell the land which they till, but none can be found to buy; so they have sometimes given over their land to the village authorities, and fled with their wives to other provinces, and seven hundred and thirty men or more have been reduced to begging, one hundred and eighty-five houses have fallen into ruins; land producing seven thousand kokus has been given up, and remains untilled, and eleven temples have fallen into decay in consequence of the ruin of those upon whom they depended.

“Besides this, the poverty-stricken farmers and women, having been obliged to take refuge in other provinces, and having no abiding-place, have been driven to evil courses and bring men to speak ill of their lord; and the village officials, being unable to keep order, are blamed and reproved.  No attention has been paid to our repeated representations upon this point; so we were driven to petition the Gorojiu Kuze Yamato no Kami as he was on his way to the castle, but our petition was returned to us.  And now, as a last resource, we tremblingly venture to approach his Highness the Shogun in person.

“The 1st year of the period Shoho, 12th month, 20th day.

[Illustration:  Seal] “The seals of the elders of the 136 villages.”

The Shogun at that time was Prince Iyemitsu, the grandson of Iyeyasu.  He received the name of Dai-yu-In after his death.

The Gorojiu at that time were Hotta Kotsuke no Suke, Sakai Iwami no Kami, Inaba Mino no Kami, Kato Ecchiu no Kami, Inouye Kawachi no Kami.

The Wakadoshiyori (or 2d council) were Torii Wakasa no Kami, Tsuchiya Dewa no Kami, and Itakura Naizen no Sho.

* * * * *

The belief in ghosts appears to be as universal as that in the immortality of the soul, upon which it depends.  Both in China and Japan the departed spirit is invested with the power of revisiting the earth, and, in a visible form, tormenting its enemies and haunting those places where the perishable part of it mourned and suffered.  Haunted houses are slow to find tenants, for ghosts almost always come with revengeful intent; indeed, the owners of such houses will almost pay men to live in them, such is the dread which they inspire, and the anxiety to blot out the stigma.