surpassed by any works executed at the same period.  This style, with its bars of gold, forming complete frames to the text, when enriched with interweaving foliage of the acanthus and the ivy, became the basis of the latter and more florid school of illumination, which attained its highest perfection in the twelfth century, and of which the Arnstein Bible is an example.  This Bible belonged to the Monks of St. Mary and St. Nicholas, of Arnstein, and the value which was attached to it may be inferred from the following quaint and mild anathema at the end of the first volume:—­

“The book of St. Mary and St. Nicholas, in Arnstein, the which, if any one shall purloin it, may he die the death—­may he be cooked upon the gridiron—­may the falling sickness and fevers attack him—­and may he be broken upon the wheel and hung!”

In the thirteenth century Paris became celebrated for its illuminators, and the productions of Franco-Bolognese, whose skill in illuminating manuscripts was then paramount, is mentioned by Dante.  Mr. Humphreys thus graphically describes the style of the fourteenth century:—­

“It was a great artistic era—­the architecture, the painting, the goldsmith’s work, the elaborate productions in enamel, and the illuminator’s art, were in beautiful harmony, being each founded upon similar principles of design and composition; even the art of writing lending itself to complete the chord of artistic harmony, by adopting that, crisp and angular feeling which the then general use of the pointed arch introduced into all works of artistic combination.”

* * * * *

THE PHANTOM WORLD.[1]

MR. CHRISTMAS, in his “Twin Giants,” attacked the stronghold of popular superstition by exhibiting the foundations and growth of error in the early and ignorant ages, and of the progressive dissipation of these delusions as the light of history and science spread over the world.  The present work is a translation from Calmet.  It deals with spectres, vampyres, and all that tribe of visionary monsters.  We have here the learning and opinion of the enlightened portion of the world a century ago.  M. Calmet traversed all history for his facts, and gives us a mass of monkish inventions, which prove to what an extent the Romish church fostered superstition for its own purposes.  We have dead men called from their graves to show the danger of neglecting to pay tithes, and to rivet on the rich the necessity of building churches, and paying liberally for masses.  At p. 286 of vol. 1 we have a proof that the “knockings” which have made so much noise in the United States, are no novelty:—­