south to blossom forth had he not been checked by the rigours of the Church.  At times indeed the mortal passion for a name to live to posterity was too strong to be altogether curbed, as we may see manifested even in the prescribed initials when they are moulded of heroic size, from 8 to 10 inches being no uncommon height.  Remarkable also is the fact just mentioned (page 86) that, concurrently with the erection of these dumb headstones, there were flat or table stones[14] allowed, upon which not only were the names and virtues of the departed fully set forth, but all sorts of emblematical devices introduced.  The table tomb was probably in itself a vanity, and, the boundary passed, there appears to have been no limit to its excesses.  There are a great many instances of this at Inverness, Aberdeen, Keith, Dunblane, and elsewhere, and the stone which appears in the sketch from Braemar is only one of several in that very limited space.  Such exceptional cases seem to indicate some local relaxation from the austerity of the period, which was apparently most intense in the centres of population.  Humility at the grave extended even to the material of the gravestone.  At Aberdeen, the Granite City, few of the last-century gravestones are of any better material than the soft sandstones which must have been imported from Elgin or the south.  The rule of initials was almost universal.  In like manner, when it became the custom to purchase grave-spaces, the simplest possible words were employed to denote the ownership.  I noticed one stone in Aberdeen bearing on its face the medallion portrait of a lady, and only the words of Isaiah, chapter xl. verse 6:  “The voice said, All flesh is grass, and all the goodliness thereof is as the flower of the field.”  At the back of the stone is written:  “This burying ground, containing two graves, belongs to William Rait, Merchant.  Aberdeen, 1800.”  The practice of carving on both faces of the headstone is very common in Scotland, and, so far as I have observed, in Scotland alone; but, strange as it may seem, Scotland and Ireland when they write gravestone inscriptions have one habit in common, that of beginning their epitaphs, not with the name of the deceased person, but with the name of the person who provides the stone.  Thus:—­

  Erected by William Brown
  to his Father John Brown,
  etc., etc.

[Footnote 14:  It has been suggested to me that these “tombs” were the luxuries of the wealthier inhabitants.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 95.  Blairgowrie.]

[Illustration:  Fig. 96.  Laufen.

1.  Cut into stone.

2.  Anchor of iron on dwarf stone pillar.

3.  Heart and anchor of thin iron on dwarf stone pillar.

4.  Iron plate and rod.

5.  Wooden cross.

6.  Wooden cross.]

CHAPTER XII.

Old gravestones abroad.