should be disintegrated into the atoms of the original bhuta of which the milk is a modification.  The change as curd thus takes place in the milk atom, and the milk molecule has not to be disintegrated into k@siti or ap atoms.  So again in the fertilized ovum, the germ and the ovum substances, which in the Vais’e@sika view are both isomeric modes of earth (with accompaniments of other bhutas) are broken up into homogeneous earth atoms, and it is these that chemically combine under the animal heat and biomotor force vayu to form the germ (kalala).  But when the germ plasm develops, deriving its nutrition from the blood of the mother, the animal heat breaks up the molecules of the germ plasm into its constituent atoms, i.e. atoms specifically determined which by their grouping formed the germ plasm.  These germ-plasm atoms chemically combine with the atoms of the food constituents and thus produce cells and tissues [Footnote ref 1].  This atomic contact is called arambhaka-sa@myoga.

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[Footnote 1:  See Dr B.N.  Seal’s Positive Sciences, pp. 104-108, and Nyayakandali, pp. 33-34, “S’arirarambhe paramanava eva kara@nam na s’ukra-s’onitasannipata@h kriyavibhagadinyayena tayorvinas’e sati utpannapakajai@h parama@nubhirarambhat, na ca s’ukras’onitaparama@nuna@m kas’cidvis’e@sa@h parthivatvavis’e@sat....Pitu@h s’ukra@m matuh s’onita@m tayos sannipatanantara@m ja@tharanalasambandhat s’ukra-s’onitarambhake@su parama@nu@su purvarupadivinas’e sama@nagu@nantarotpattau dvya@nukadikrame@na kalalas’arirotpatti@h tatrantahkara@napraves’o...tatra maturahararaso matraya sa@mkramate, ad@r@s@tavas’attatra punarja@tharanalasambandhat kalalarambhakaparama@nu@su kriyavibhagadinyayena kalalas’arire na@s@te samutpannapakajai@h kalalarambhakaparama@nubhirad@r@s@tavas’ad upajatakriyairaharaparama@nitbhi@h saha sambhuya s’arirantaramarakkyate.".]

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In the case of poly-bhautik or bi-bhautik compounds there is another kind of contact called upa@s@tambha.  Thus in the case of such compounds as oils, fats, and fruit juices, the earth atoms cannot combine with one another unless they are surrounded by the water atoms which congregate round the former, and by the infra-atomic forces thus set up the earth atoms take peculiar qualities under the impact of heat corpuscles.  Other compounds are also possible where the ap, tejas, or the vayu atoms form the inner radicle and earth atoms dynamically surround them (e.g. gold, which is the tejas atom with the earth atoms as the surrounding upa@s@tambhaka).  Solutions (of earth substances in ap) are regarded as physical mixtures.

Udayana points out that the solar heat is the source of all the stores of heat required for chemical change.  But there are differences in the modes of the action of heat; and the kind of contact with heat-corpuscles, or the kind of heat with chemical action which transforms colours, is supposed to differ from what transforms flavour or taste.