TABLE IV.
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|_Ratio per 10,000 Marriages_.
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Country.             | Rural.| Urban. |  General.
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England              |  79   |   71   |      75
France               | 130   |  115   |     126
Alsace               | 121   |   41   |     107
Norway[A] (Uchermann)| 810   |  260   |     690
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[A] Includes second cousins.

In regard to the degree of consanguinity, it seems very probable that in the French, German, Italian, and English statistics and estimates few if any marriages beyond the degree of first cousins are returned as consanguineous, so in order to compare the Norwegian figures with the others they should probably be reduced by one half.  Out of 1549 consanguineous marriages contracted in Prussia in 1889, 1422 were between “cousins” (probably first), 110 between uncles and nieces, and 16 between nephews and aunts.[20] The ratio of such marriages to 10,000 in France during the fifteen years ending in 1875 was:[21]

TABLE V.
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Degree.        |  Urban.| Rural.| All France.
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Nephew and aunt  |   1.6  |   2.4 |    2.1
Uncle and niece  |   6.0  |   5.6 |    5.8
“Cousins”        |  96.0  | 119.0 |  113.1
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Total            | 103.6  | 127.0 |  121.2
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[Footnote 20:  Mulhall, op. cit., p. 383.]

[Footnote 21:  Ibid., p. 384.]

In Italy during seven years ending in 1874, of all consanguineous marriages 92 per cent were of cousins and 8 per cent were of uncle and niece or aunt and nephew.[22]

[Footnote 22:  Ibid., p. 384.]

Dally[23] is very skeptical about the accuracy of the French figures, but says that in Paris the records are well kept.  He found that in the years 1853-62 there were 10,765 marriages in the 8me arrondissement of Paris, and of these he finds: 

-----------------------------------------
Marriages between cousins-german  | 141
Marriages between uncle and niece |   8
Marriages between aunt and nephew |   1
Total consanguineous              | 150
-----------------------------------------

[Footnote 23:  “Recherches sur les Mariages Consanguins et sur les Races Pures.” in Bulletins de la Societe d’Anthropologie, 1863, p. 527.]

This is rather higher than the average for urban districts, according to official figures, but Dally seems to consider it as typical.  He gives examples of the carelessness and incompetency of the rural record keepers, and insists that the percentage is really much higher than the official figures would indicate.  He estimates the consanguineous marriages in France not including second cousins, at from four to five per cent.