[Footnote 28:  Sex and Society, p. 12.]

[Footnote 29:  History of Human Marriage, p. 476.]

[Footnote 30:  Goehlert, Ueber die Vererbung der Haarfarben bei den Pferden. Quoted by Westermarck, p. 476.]

Westermarck continues, quoting from Duesing:[31] “Among the Jews, many of whom marry cousins, there is a remarkable excess of male births.  In country districts, where, as we have seen, comparatively more boys are born than in towns, marriage more frequently takes place between kinsfolk.  It is for a similar reason that illegitimate unions show a tendency to produce female births.”

[Footnote 31:  Die Regulierung des Geschlechtsverhaeltnisses, pp. 243-244.]

Westermarck comments:  “The evidence for the correctness of his deduction is, then, exceedingly scanty—­if, indeed it can be called evidence.  Nevertheless, I think his main conclusion holds good.  Independently of his reasoning I had come to exactly the same result in a purely inductive way.”  He then quotes a number of travelers to the effect that marriage between members of different races produce a phenomenal excess of female births.  When we consider the extraordinary proficiency in fiction attained by many travelers in strange lands, we are forced to the belief that Westermarck based his own conclusion on still more scanty evidence.

The statistics given by Dr. Duesing for Prussia[32] are as follows: 

TABLE IX.
------------------------------------------------------------

|            |           |   Other    |
|Evangelical.| Catholic. | Christians.| Jews.
------------------------------------------------------------

Male births  | 4,015,634  | 2,273,708 |   12,283   |  69,901
Female births| 3,775,010  | 2,136,295 |   11,548   |  64,939
Masculinity  |   106.374  |   106.435 |  106.36    | 107.64
------------------------------------------------------------

[Footnote 32:  Das Geschlechtsverhaeltnis der Geburten in Preussen, pp. 24-25; in Staatswissenschaftliche Studien, vol. iii.]

and for mixed marriages: 

TABLE  X.
------------------------------------------------------------

--
|Evangelical  |Catholic and|  Other  | Jews and
|and Catholic.|Evangelical.|  mixed. |Christians.
------------------------------------------------------------

--
Male births  |  157,755    |  189,733   |   4.464 |   2,958
Female births|  149,205    |  179,505   |   4.254 |   2,850
Masculinity  |  105.73     |  105.70    | 104.9   | 103.8
------------------------------------------------------------

--

In the face of these statistics it is impossible to deny that endogamy within a great social class or an ethnic race may have some tendency to produce an excess of male births, while exogamy in this broad sense may diminish the masculinity.  But the perpetuation of a comparatively pure race by marriage within that race, and consanguineous marriage in the narrower