Such was his portrait; but it would be exceedingly difficult to give an accurate estimate of his character; he was an evil-doer, and yet easily led by the nose, being, in common parlance, a fool as well as a knave.  He never was truthful with anyone, but always spoke and acted cunningly, yet any who chose could easily outwit him.  His character was a sorry mixture of folly and bad principles.  One may say of him what one of the Peripatetic philosophers of old said long ago, that in men, as in the mixing of colours, the most opposite qualities combine.  I will therefore only describe his disposition as far as I have been able to fathom it.

This prince was deceitful, fond of crooked ways, artificial, given to hiding his wrath, double-faced, and cruel, exceedingly clever in concealing his thoughts, and never moved to tears either by joy or grief, but capable of weeping if the occasion required it.  He was always a liar not merely on the spur of the moment; he drew up documents and swore the most solemn oaths to respect the covenants which he made with his subjects; then he would straightway break his plighted word and his oath, like the vilest of slaves, who perjure themselves and are only driven to confess through fear of torture.  He was a faithless friend, an inexorable foe, and mad for murder and plunder; quarrelsome and revolutionary, easily led to do evil, never persuaded to act rightly, he was quick to contrive and carry out what was evil, but loathed even to hear of good actions.

How could any man fully describe Justinian’s character?  He had all these vices and other even greater ones, in larger proportion than any man; indeed, Nature seemed to have taken away all other men’s vices and to have implanted them all in this man’s breast.  Besides all this, he was ever disposed to give ear to accusations, and quick to punish.  He never tried a case before deciding it, but as soon as he had heard the plaintiff he straightway pronounced his judgment upon it.  He wrote decrees, without the slightest hesitation, for the capture of fortresses, the burning of cities, the enslaving of whole races of men for no crime whatever, so that, if anyone were to reckon all the calamities of this nature which have befallen the Roman people before his time, and weigh them against those which were brought about by him, I imagine that it would be found that this man was guilty of far more bloodshed than any ruler of previous times.

He had no hesitation in coolly appropriating people’s property, and did not even trouble himself to put forward any pretext or colourable legal ground for taking another man’s goods; and, when he had got it, he was quite ready to squander it in foolish munificence or to spend it in unreasonable largesses to the barbarians.  In fine, he neither had any property himself, nor would he suffer anyone else of all his subjects to have any; so that he did not seem to be so much governed by avarice as by jealousy of those who possessed wealth.  He carelessly drove all the wealth of the Romans out of the country, and was the cause of general impoverishment.  Such was the character of Justinian, as far as I am able to describe it.