BAILEY.  Facts of the human constitution that give origin to moral phenomena:—­susceptibility to pleasure and pain, and to the causes of them; reciprocation of these; our expecting reciprocation from others; sympathy.  Consideration of our feelings in regard to actions done to us by others.  Our feelings as spectators of actions done to others by others.  Actions done to ourselves by others.  The different cases combine to modify each other.  Explanation of the discrepancies of the moral sentiment in different communities.  The consequences of actions the only criterion for rectifying the diversities.  Objections to the happiness-test.  The term Utility unsuitable.  Disputes as to the origin of moral sentiment in Reason or in a Moral Sense.

SPENCER.  Happiness the ultimate, but not the proximate, end.  Moral Science a deduction from the laws of life and the conditions of existence.  There have been, and still are, developing in the race, certain fundamental Moral Intuitions.  The Expediency-Morality is transitional.  Reference to the general theory of Evolution.

KANT.  Distinguishes between the empirical and the rational mode of treating Ethics.  Nothing properly good, except Will.  Subjection of Will to Reason.  An action done from natural inclination is worthless morally.  Duty is respect for Law; conformity to Law is the one principle of volition.  Moral Law not ascertainable empirically, it must originate a priori in pure (practical) Reason.  The Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives.  Imperative of Prudence.  Imperative of Morality.  The formula of Morality.  The ends of Morality.  The Rational nature of man is an end-in-itself.  The Will the source of its own laws—­the Autonomy of the Will.  The Reason of Ends.  Morality alone has intrinsic Worth or Dignity.  Principles founded on the Heteronomy of the Will—­Happiness, Perfection.  Duty legitimized by the conception of the Freedom of the Will, properly understood.  Postulates of the pure Practical Reason—­Freedom, Immortality, God.  Summary.

COUSIN.  Analysis of the sentiments aroused in us by human actions.  The Moral Sentiment made up of a variety of moral judgments—­Good and Evil, Obligation, Liberty, Merit and Demerit.  Virtue brings Happiness.  Moral Satisfaction and Remorse.  The Law of Duty is conformity to Reason.  The characteristic of Reason is Universality.  Classification of Duties:—­Duties to Self; to Others—­Truth, Justice, Charity.  Application to Politics.

JOUFFROY.  Each creature has a special nature, and a special end.  Man has certain primary passions to be satisfied.  Secondary passions—­the Useful, the Good, Happiness.  All the faculties controlled by the Reason.  The End of Interest.  End of Universal Order.  Morality the expression of divine thought; identified with the beautiful and the true.  The moral law and self-interest coincide.  Boundaries of the three states—­Passion, Egoism, Moral determination.