MACKINTOSH.  Universality of Moral Distinctions.  Antithesis or Reason and Passion.  It is not virtuous acts but virtuous dispositions that outweigh the pains of self-sacrifice.  The moral sentiments have for their objects Dispositions.  Utility.  Development of Conscience through Association; the constituents are Gratitude, Sympathy, Resentment and Shame, together with Education.  Religion must presuppose Morality.  Objections to Utility criticised.  Duties to ourselves, an improper expression.  Reference of moral sentiments to the Will.

JAMES MILL.  Primary constituents of the Moral Faculty—­pleasurable and painful sensations.  The Causes of these sensations.  The Ideas of them, and of their causes.  Hope, Fear; Love, Joy; Hatred, Aversion.  Remote causes of pleasures and pains—­Wealth, Power, Dignity, and their opposites.  Affections towards our fellow-creatures—­Friendship, Kindness, &c.  Motives.  Dispositions.  Applications to the virtue of Prudence.  Justice—­by what motives supported.  Beneficence.  Importance in moral training, of Praise and Blame, and their associations; the Moral Sanction.  Derivation of Disinterested Feelings.

AUSTIN.  Laws defined and classified.  The Divine Laws; how are we to know the Divine Will?  Utility the sole criterion.  Objections to Utility.  Criticism of the theory of a Moral Sense.  Prevailing misconceptions as to Utility.  Nature of Law resumed and illustrated.  Impropriety of the term ‘law’ as applied to the operations of Nature.

WHEWELL.  Opposing schemes of Morality.  Proposal to reconcile them.  There are some actions Universally approved.  A Supreme Rule of Right to be arrived at by combining partial rules:  these are obtained from the nature of our faculties.  The rule of Speech is Truth; Property supposes Justice; the Affections indicate Humanity.  It is a self-evident maxim that the Lower parts of our nature are governed by the Higher.  Classification of Springs of Action.  Disinterestedness.  Classification of Moral Rules.  Division of Rights.

FERRIER.  Question of the Moral Sense:  errors on both sides.  Sympathy passes beyond feeling, and takes in Thought or self-consciousness.  Happiness has two ends—­the maintenance of man’s Rational nature, and Pleasure.

MANSEL.  The conceptions of Right and Wrong are sui generis.  The moral law can have no authority unless emanating from a lawgiver.  The Standard is the moral nature, and not the arbitrary will, of God.

JOHN STUART MILL.  Explanation of what Utilitarianism consists in.  Reply to objections against setting up Happiness as the Ethical end.  Ultimate Sanction of the principle of Utility:  the External and Internal sanctions; Conscience how made up.  The sort of Proof that Utility is susceptible of:—­the evidence that happiness is desirable, is that men desire it; it is consistent with Utility that virtue should be desired for itself.  Connexion between Justice and Utility:—­meanings of Justice; essentially grounded in Law; the sentiments that support Justice, are Self-defence, and Sympathy; Justice owes its paramount character to the essential of Security; there are no immutable maxims of Justice.