SCHOLASTIC ETHICS.  ABAELARD:—­Lays great stress on the subjective element in morality; highest human good, love to God; actions judged by intention, and intention by conscience.

ST. BERNARD:—­Two degrees of virtue, Humility and Love.

JOHN of SALISBURY:—­Combines philosophy and theology; doctrine of
Happiness; the lower and higher desires.

ALEXANDER OF HALES.  BONAVENTURA.  ALBERTUS MAGNUS.  AQUINAS:—­Aristotelian mode of enquiry as to the end; God the highest good; true happiness lies in the self-sufficing theoretic intelligence; virtue; division of the virtues.

HOBBES. (Abstract of the Ethical part of Leviathan).  Constituents of man’s nature.  The Good.  Pleasure.  The simple passions.  Theory of the Will.  Good and evil.  Conscience.  Virtue.  Position of Ethics in the Sciences.  Power, Worth, Dignity.  Happiness a perpetual progress; consequences of the restlessness of desire.  Natural state of mankind; a state of enmity and war.  Necessity of articles of peace, called Laws of Nature.  Law defined.  Rights; Renunciation of rights; Contract; Merit.  Justice.  Laws of Gratitude, Complaisance, Pardon upon repentance.  Laws against Cruelty, Contumely, Pride, Arrogance.  Laws of Nature, how far binding.  Summary.

CUMBERLAND.  Standard of Moral Good summed up in Benevolence.  The moral faculty is the Reason, apprehending the Nature of Things.  Innate Ideas an insufficient foundation.  Will.  Disinterested action.  Happiness.  Moral Code, the common good of all rational beings.  Obligations in respect of giving and of receiving.  Politics.  Religion.

CUDWORTH.  Moral Good and Evil cannot be arbitrary.  The mind has a power of Intellection, above Sense, for aiming at the eternal and immutable verities.

CLARKE.  The eternal Fitness and Unfitness of Things determine Justice, Equity, Goodness and Truth, and lay corresponding obligations upon reasonable creatures.  The sanction of Rewards and Punishments secondary and additional.  Our Duties.

WOLLASTON.  Resolves good and evil into Truth and Falsehood.

LOCKE.  Arguments against Innate Practical Principles.  Freedom of the Will.  Moral Rules grounded in law.

BUTLER.  Characteristics of our Moral Perceptions.  Disinterested Benevolence a fact of our constitutions.  Our passions and affections do not aim at self as their immediate end.  The Supremacy of Conscience established from our moral nature.  Meanings of Nature.  Benevolence not ultimately at variance with Self-Love.

HUTCHESON.—­Primary feelings of the mind.  Finer perceptions—­Beauty, Sympathy, the Moral Sense, Social feelings; the benevolent order of the world suggesting Natural Religion.  Order or subordination of the feelings as Motives; position of Benevolence.  The Moral Faculty distinct and independent.  Confirmation of the doctrine from the Sense of Honour.  Happiness.  The tempers and characters bearing on happiness.  Duties to God.  Circumstances affecting the moral good or evil of actions.  Rights and Laws.