I have seen almost everything in mirage form, but what causes this Atmospheric optical illusion has never been explained to my satisfaction.  Some men say it is imagination, but I do not think it is so.

On our way back to camp a man by name of Cummings was riding by my side.  He made the remark in an undertone, “I am sorry this thing happened.”  I asked him, “Why?” In reply he said, “Colonel Freemont won’t get over this in many a day, for Carson has shown him that he can be mistaken.”

We laid over at this camp until the next day as this was good water and exceptionally good grass.  Nothing interfered with us until we struck the Colorado river.  Here we met quite a band of Umer Indians.  Without any exception they were the worst-looking human beings that I have ever seen in my life.  A large majority of them were as naked as they were when they were born.  Their hair in many instances looked as if it never had been straightened out.  They lived mostly on pine nuts.  The nuts grow on a low, scrubby tree, a species of Pine, and in gathering the nuts they covered their hands with gum which is as sticky as tar and rubbed it on their bodies and in their hair.  The reader may imagine the effect; I am satisfied that many of these Indians had never seen a white man before they saw us.  Very few of them had bows and arrows; they caught fish.  How they caught them I never knew, but I often saw the squaws carrying fish.

When we reached the Colorado river we stayed two days making rafts to cross the river on.  The last day we were there, laying on the bank of the river, I presume there came five hundred of these Indians within fifty yards of our camp.  Most of them laid down under the trees.  One of our men shot a bird that was in a tree close by, and I never heard such shouting or saw such running as these Indians did when the gun cracked.  This convinced me that we were the first white men they had ever seen, and this the first time they had heard the report of a gun.  This incident occurred in forty-eight, which was fifty-eight years ago.  I have seen more or less of these Indians from that time until now, and these Indians as a tribe have made less progress than any other Indians in the west.  Even after the railroad was put through that part of the country, they had to be forced to cover themselves with clothes.

After crossing the Colorado river we came into the Ute country, but we traveled several days without seeing any of this tribe.  About five days after we crossed the Colorado river, we came on to a big band of Sighewash Indians.  The tribe was just coming together, after a winter’s trapping and hunting.  At this time the Sigh washes were a powerful tribe, but not hostile to the whites.