[Illustration:  FIG. 46.—­ROMAN FOLDING CHAIR. (Schreiber.)]

[Illustration:  FIG. 47.—­BRONZE SEAT (Overbeck.)]

We need not enter into dry details concerning such articles as were similar to our own.  Of the Roman seats it is enough to say that they were either square stools without back or arms, or folding-stools, or they were true chairs either with straight arms and backs (the Origin of the modern throne) to be used by the owner when receiving clients or visitors on business, or with a long sloping back and without arms, as used particularly by women.  A movable cushion constituted all the upholstery.

But the Roman man seldom took his ease in a chair:  even his reading and writing were commonly performed while reclining upon a couch.  When writing, he doubled his tablets on his knee, and it may be presumed that habit made the practice easy and natural.  The couch is, indeed, perhaps the chief article of Roman furniture.  So regular was it to recline that, where we should speak of a sitting-room, the Romans spoke of a “reclining-room.”  At business they sat; but they reclined in social conversation—­unless it was brief—­when reading, when taking the siesta, and when dining.  Their beds in the proper sense were similar to our own, though less heavy than those of our older fashion.  To mount them it was often necessary to use steps or an elongated footstool.  A slave in close attendance upon a master or mistress sometimes slept upon a low truckle-bed, which, in the daytime, could be pushed under the other.  The couches for day use were lower and of lighter and narrower build, with a movable rest at the head and with or without a back.

[Illustration:  FIG. 48.—­FRAMEWORK OF ROMAN COUCH.]

Upon the frame of such couches a good deal of decoration was lavished in the way of veneerings of ornamental wood, or thin plates of ivory or tortoise-shell, or reliefs in bronze or even in gold or silver.  The feet might also, in the richer houses, consist of silver or of ivory.  For the dining-rooms of people of wealth a special feature was made of such work upon the conspicuous parts of the frames, while the cushions and coverings were of costly fabrics, richly dyed and embroidered or damasked.  The method of serving and eating a dinner is a subject which belongs to our later treatment of a social day, and it must here suffice to picture the ordinary arrangement of a dinner party.

[Illustration:  FIG. 49.—­PLAN OF DINING-TABLE WITH THREE COUCHES.]

[Illustration:  FIG. 50.—­SIGMA.]

In the middle is the table, either square or, if round, made if possible of a single piece of costly wood richly grained by nature in a wavy or peacock pattern and obtained by sawing through the lower part of the trunk of a Moorish tree.  The price depended on the size.  Of one such circular slab we learn that it cost L4000.  It may be needless to remark that many tables were only “imitation.”