[178] See Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, Vols.  V, p. 137; XXI, p. 140; XXXIV, p. 377; XL, pp. 80-81; XLVII, p. 313; XLVIII, p. 57. Cole, Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes of Northwestern Luzon (Am.  Anth., N. S., Vol.  XI, 1909, p. 340); Cole, The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao (pub.  Field Museum of Natural History, Vol.  XII No. 2, p. 114, et seq.).

[179] These are called soga.  Their use is widespread in the Philippines, in Malaysia generally, and even extends into upper Burma.  See Shakespear, History of Upper Assam, Upper Burmah and Northeastern Frontier, pp. 186, et seq.(London, 1914). Marsden, Hist. of Sumatra, p. 310 (London, 1811).

[180] See Cole, Wild Tribes of Davao District (Field Museum of Nat.  Hist., Vol.  XII, No. 2, p. 94).

[181] This description is partially taken from the account of Paul P. de La Gironiere, probably the one white man, who has witnessed this rite (see Twenty Years in the Philippines, p. 108, London, 1853), and from the stories of many old men, who themselves have participated in the head-hunts and subsequent celebrations.

[182] See Cole, Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes of Northwestern Luzon (Am.  Anthropologist, N. S., Vol.  XI, No. 3, 1909, p. 340).

[183] Traditions of the Tinguian, this volume, No. 1, p. 22.

[184] Jenks, The Bontoc Igorot, p. 123 (Manila, 1905); Kroeber, The Peoples of the Philippines (Am.  Museum Nat.  Hist., Handbook Series, No. 3, p. 165, New York, 1919).

[185] Egerton, Handbook of Indian Arms (Wm. Allen and Co., London, 1880), p. 84; Shakespear, History of Upper Assam, Burma and Northeastern Frontier (MacMillan, London, 1914), p. 197, illustration.

[186] This type of snare is used by nearly all Philippine tribes, and it is also widespread in Malaysia.

[187] The mountain rice is known as langpadan, the lowland rice as pagey (Ilocano palay).

[188] This is similar to the method followed in Sumatra.  See Marsden, History of Sumatra, 3d ed., pp. 71-72 (London, 1811).

[189] A similar device is employed in Java.  See Freeman and Chandler, The World’s Commercial Products, p. 36 (Boston, 1911).

[190] The latter is the customary method among the Bontoc Igorot.  See Jenks, The Bontoc Igorot, p. 94.

[191] Raffles, History of Java, 2d ed., Vol.  I, p. 125, also plate VIII (London, 1820); Marsden, op. cit., p. 74; Freeman and Chandler, op. cit., p. 29.  Both Raffles and Marsden consider this type of plow of Chinese origin.  The Tinguian name alado is doubtless a corruption of the Spanish arado, but this of course would not prove that the plow itself was derived from the Spaniards.