[38] Sullivan (Anthropological Papers, American Museum Nat.  History, Vol.  XXIII, pt. 1, p. 42) gives a graphic correlation of Stature, Cephalic and Nasal Indices, which shows a striking similarity between the Tagalog and Pangasinan of the Philippines, and the Southern Chinese.  Had he made use of Jenks’s measurements of the Bontoc Igorot, that group would also have approached quite closely to those already mentioned.  The same method applied to the Ilocano and Tinguian shows them to conform to this type.

[39] See Traditions of the Tinguian (this volume, No. 1).

[40] The eating of double bananas or vegetables is avoided, as it is thought to result in the birth of twins.  The birth of twin girls is a particular misfortune; for their parents are certain to fare badly in any trades or sales to which they may be parties.

[41] The importance of gratifying the longings of pregnant women appears in the legends of the Malay Peninsula.  See Wilkinson, Malay Beliefs, p. 46 (London, 1906). Hildebrandt states that the Indian law books such as Yajnavalkya (III, 79) make it a duty to fulfill the wishes of a woman at this time, since otherwise the embryo would be exposed to injury.  Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.  II, p. 650.

[42] See Traditions of the Tinguian, this volume, No. 1, pp. 124, 185.

[43] See op. cit., p. 105.

[44] See op. cit., pp. 144, et seq.

[45] See op. cit., p. 18.

[46] See Traditions of the Tinguian, this volume, No. 1, p. 180.

[47] To produce a miscarriage, a secret liquor is made from the bark of a tree.  After several drinks of the brew, the abdomen is kneaded and pushed downward until the foetus is discharged.  A canvass of forty women past the child-bearing age showed an average, to each, of five children, about 40 per cent of whom died in infancy.  Apparently about the same ratio of births is being maintained at present.

[48] The gifts vary according to the ceremony.  For this event, the offerings consist of a Chinese jar with earrings fastened into the handles—­“ears”—­, a necklace of beads and a silver wire about its neck; a wooden spoon, a weaving stick, and some bone beads.

[49] This is known as palwig.

[50] This action is called tolgi.

[51] In the San Juan district Gipas is a separate two-day ceremony, which takes place about nine months after the birth.  In Baak a part of the Dawak ceremony goes by this name.

[52] This is known as inalson, and is “such a blanket as is always possessed by a spirit.”  See p. 313.

[53] This is also the method of delivery among the Kayan of Borneo.  See Hose and McDougall, The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, Vol.  II, p. 154 (London, 1912), also Cole, The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao (Field Museum of Natural History, Vol.  XII.  No. 2, p. 100). Skeat (Malay Magic, p. 334, London, 1900) describes a similar method among the Malay.