NOTES

[1] The Bontoc Igorot is taken as one of the least influenced and most typical of the Igorot groups.

[2] On this point see Cole, The Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes of Northwestern Luzon (American Anthropologist, N.S., Vol.  XI, 1909, pp. 329-347).

[3] These are Ballasio, Nagbuquel, Vandrell, Rizal, Mision, Mambog, and Masingit.  Kadangla-an, Pila, Kolongbuyan (Sapang) and Montero are mixed Tinguian and Igorot.

[4] See Cole, The Tinguian (Philippine Journal of Science, Vol.  III, No. 4, Sect.  A, 1908, pp. 197, et seq.).

[5] Beyer (Population of the Philippine Islands in 1916, p. 74, Manila, 1917) gives the population as 27,648.

[6] North of Abra it is known as the Cordillera Norte.

[7] This river traffic is entirely in the hands of the Christianized Ilocano.  Rafts seldom proceed up the river beyond Bangued, the capital, and at low water even this distance is negotiated with difficulty.

[8] Historical references to this trade, as well as to the Spanish invasion of Ilocos, will be found in Reyes, Historia de Ilocos, Manila, 1890; Fray Gaspar De S. Augustin, Conquista de las Islas Filipinas (Manila, 1698), p. 267; Medina, Historia, translated in Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, Vol.  XXIII, pp. 279, et seq.  See also translation of Loarca and others in same publication, Vol.  III, p. 73, note; Vol.  V, p. 109; Vol.  XV, p. 51; Vol.  XVII, p. 285.

[9] Loraca, 1582, translated in Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol.  V, p. 105.

[10] Laufer, Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol.  I, pp. 256, et seq.)

[11] Cole and Laufer, Chinese Pottery in the Philippines (Field Museum of Natural History, Vol.  XII, No. 1).

[12] Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol.  XVII, p. 285; also III, p. 73, note; V, p. 109; XV, p. 51.

[13] Blair and Robertson, op. cit., Vol.  XXXIV, pp. 287, et seq.

[14] Colin (Labor Evangelica, Chap.  IV, Madrid 1663), calls the Manguian of Mindoro and the Zambal, Tingues. Morga, Chirino, and Ribera also use the same name for the natives of Basilan, Bohol, and Mindanao (see Blair and Robertson, op cit., Vols.  IV, p. 300; X, p. 71; XIII, pp. 137,205).  Later writers have doubtless drawn on these accounts to produce the weird descriptions sometimes given of the Tinguian now under discussion.  It is said (op. cit., Vol.  XL, p. 97, note) that the radical ngian, in Pampanga, indicates “ancient,” a meaning formerly held in other Philippine languages, and hence Tinguian would probably mean “old or ancient, or aboriginal mountain dwellers.”