A considerable part of these are made in the villages along the upper reaches of the Buklok river and in Balbalasang, but many come into Abra through trade with the Igorot and Kalinga.  They are used for hunting and fighting, and are intended both as thrusting and throwing weapons.  In the lowlands the older type of spear-head is a modified leaf shape, attached to a ferrule which slips over the shaft.  In the mountains, heads with two or more barbs are set into the handles, and are held in place by means of wooden wedges and by metal rings which surround the ends of the shafts.  A metal end or shoe covers the butt end of the weapon, thus converting it into an excellent staff for mountain climbing.

Occasionally a hunting spear is fitted with a detachable head, which will pull out of the socket when an animal is struck.  The shaft is attached to the point by means of a heavy line, and as this drags through the undergrowth, it becomes entangled and thus delays the flight of the game.

Shields, kalasag.—­Mention has already been made of the typical Tinguian-Kalinga shield (cf. p. 373).  While this is the common type of the region (Fig. 10, Nos. 1-1a), others, which approach those of the Bontoc Igorot, are frequently used (Fig. 10, No. 2).  As a rule, these come from Balatok, Lubuagan, Guinaan and the villages along the Malokbot river, all of which are strongly influenced in blood and culture by the Igorot.  In the latter shields we find the prongs at the top and bottom, but they are no longer of sufficient size and opening to be of practical value.  The clue to their origin is probably afforded us in their use by the Tinguian.

Across the top and bottom of each shield, near to the prongs, are two or three braided bands which appear to be ornamental, or to strengthen the weapon.  Their real use, however, is to hold the soga, the pointed bamboo sticks which are planted in the grass to delay pursuers.  A half dozen or more of these are usually to be found under the braiding at the back of the shield.

All shields are of very light wood, and can easily be pierced by a spear.  They are intended to be used in deflecting missels rather than actually to stop them.  To aid in this purpose, there is a hand grip cut into the center of the back.  This is large enough to admit the first three fingers, while the thumb and little finger are left outside to tilt the shield to the proper angle.

Hunting (Plates XLV-XLVI).—­Hunting must be considered more in the nature of a sport than as a necessity, for, while a considerable amount of game is taken each year, it is not enough to furnish an important part of the food supply.  As we have already noted, a great part of the country occupied by this tribe is devoid of forests.  Dense growths do occur in some valleys and ravines, and a few of the mountains, like Posoey, are heavily forested, but for the most part the western slopes of the Cordillera