because they were at feud with Norris.  Then came disaster; for Stanley and York deliberately introduced Spanish troops by night, and handed over Deventer and Zutphen to the Spaniards, which was all the worse, as Leicester had ample warning that mischief was brewing.  Every suspicion ever felt against Leicester, or as to the honesty of English policy, seemed to be confirmed, and there was a wave of angry feeling against all Englishmen.  The treachery of Anjou seemed about to be repeated.

The Queen of Scots was on the very verge of her doom, and Elizabeth was entering on that most lamentable episode of her career, in which she displayed all her worst characteristics, when a deputation arrived from the Estates to plead for more effective help.  The news of Deventer had not yet arrived, and the queen subjected them to a furious and contumelious harangue, and advised them to make peace with Philip.  But on the top of this came a letter from the Estates, with some very plain speaking about Deventer.

Buckhurst, about the best possible ambassador, was despatched to the Estates.  He very soon found the evidence of the underhand dealings of certain of Leicester’s agents to be irresistible.  He appealed vehemently, as did Walsingham at home, for immediate aid, dwelling on the immense importance to England of saving the Netherlands.  But Leicester had the queen’s ear.  Charges of every kind were flying on every hand.  Buckhurst’s efforts met with the usual reward.  The Estates would have nothing to do with counsels of peace.  At the moment they were appointing Maurice of Nassau captain-general came the news that Leicester was returning with intolerable claims.

While this was going on, Parma had turned upon Sluys, which, like the rest of the coast harbours, was in the hands of the States.  This was the news which had necessitated the appointment of Maurice of Nassau.  The Dutch and English in Sluys fought magnificently.  But the dissensions of the opposing parties outside prevented any effective relief.  Leicester’s arrival did not, mend matters.  The operations intended to effect a relief were muddled.  At last the garrison found themselves with no alternative but capitulation on the most honourable terms.  In the meanwhile, however, Drake had effected his brilliant destruction of the fleet and stores preparing in Cadiz harbour; though his proceedings were duly disowned by Elizabeth, now zealously negotiating with Parma.

This game of duplicity went on merrily; Elizabeth was intriguing behind the backs of her own ministers; Parma was deliberately deceiving and hoodwinking her, with no thought of anything but her destruction.  In France, civil war practically, between Henry of Navarre and Henry of Guise was raging.  In the Netherlands, the hostility between the Estates, led by Barneveld and Leicester continued.  When the earl was finally recalled to England, and Willoughby was left in command, it was not due to him that no overwhelming disaster had occurred, and that the splendid qualities shown by other Englishmen had counter-balanced politically his own extreme unpopularity.