The Presidential campaign in 1858, which was signalised by the debates between Douglass and Lincoln, resulted in raising the Republican power in the House of Representatives, to equal that of the Democrats.

A fanatic Abolitionist, John Brown, with a few followers, seized the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in 1859, defended it heroically against overpowering numbers, but was finally taken, tried and condemned for treason.  This incident served as an argument in the South for the necessity of secession to protect the institution of slavery.

In the Presidential election of 1860, the Republican convention nominated Lincoln.  Douglass and John C. Breckenridge split the Democratic vote, and Lincoln was elected President.  This was the immediate cause of the Civil War.  The first state to secede was South Carolina.  A state convention, called by the Legislature, met on December 20, 1860, and declared that the union of that state and the other states was dissolved.  Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Louisiana, followed in the first month of 1861, and Texas seceded February 1st.  They formed a Confederacy with a constitution and government at a convention at Montgomery, Alabama, February, 1861.  Jefferson Davis was chosen President, and Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President.

Sumter fell on April 14th, and the following day Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers.  The demand was more than filled.  The Confederacy, also, issued a call for volunteers which was enthusiastically received.  Four border states went over to the Confederacy, Arkansas, North Carolina, Virginia and Tennessee.  Three went over, in May, and the last, June 18.

The leading events of the Civil War were, the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861; Wilson’s Creek, August 2; Trent Affair, November 8, 1862; Battle of Mill Spring, January 19; Ft.  Henry, February 6; Ft.  Donelson, February 13-16:  fight between the “Monitor” and “Merrimac,” March 9; Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7; capture of New Orleans, April 25; battle of Williamsburgh, May 5; Fair Oaks, May 31-June 1; “Seven Days’ Battle”—­Mechanicsville, Gaines’s Mill, Frazier’s Farm, Malvern Hill, June 25-July 1; Cedar Mountain, August 9; second battle of Bull Run, August 30; Chantilly, September 1; South Mountain, September 14; Antietam, September 17; Iuka, September 19; Corinth, October 4; Fredericksburg, December 13; Murfreesboro, December 31-January 2, 1863.  Emancipation Proclamation, January 1; battle of Chancellorsville, May 1-4; Gettysburg, July 1-3; fall of Vicksburg, July 4; battle of Chickamauga, September 19-20; Chattanooga, November 23-25; 1864—­battles of Wilderness and Spottsylvania, May 5-7; Sherman’s advance through northern Georgia, in May and June; battle of Cold Harbor, June 1-3; the “Kearsarge” sank the “Alabama,” June 19; battles of Atlanta, July 20-28; naval battle of Mobile, August 5; battle of Winchester, September 19; Cedar Creek, October 19; Sherman’s march through Georgia to the sea, November and December; battle of Nashville, December 15-16; 1865—­surrender of Fort Fisher, January 15; battle of Five Forks, April 1; surrender of Richmond, April 3; surrender of Lee’s army at Appomattox, April 9; surrender of Johnston’s army, April 26; surrender of Kirby Smith, May 26.