instincts, but it needs development and training if it is to be perfected.  Very much of the time this appreciation is inhibited by the emphasis put on understanding.  The intellectual faculties of memory, judgment, and criticism are the ones called into play in the study of history and often of literature.  These studies leave the learner cold.  He knows, but it does not make any difference to him.  He can analyze the period or the character, but he lacks any feeling response, any appreciation of the qualities of endurance and loyalty portrayed, lacks any sympathetic understanding of the difficulties met and conquered.  As was true of the aesthetic appreciation, a certain amount of understanding is necessary for true appreciation of any kind, but overemphasis of the intellectual element destroys the feeling element.

The third type of appreciation to be discussed is the appreciation of humor.  Perhaps this does not belong with the other type, but it certainly has many of the same characteristics.  Calkins defines a sense of humor as “enjoyment of an unessential incongruity....  This incongruity must be, as has been said, an unessential one, else the mood of the observer changes from happiness to unhappiness, and the comic becomes the pathetic.  A fall on the ice which seemed to offer only a ludicrous contrast between the dignity and grace of the man erect and the ungainly attitude of the falling figure ceases utterly to be funny when it is seen to entail some physical injury; and wit which burns and sears is not amusing to its victim."[12] The ability to appreciate the humorous in life is a great gift and should be cultivated to a much greater extent than it is at present.

A fourth type of appreciation has been called appreciation of intellectual powers—­a poor name perhaps, but the feeling is a real one.  Enjoyment of style, of logical sequence, of the harmony of the whole, of the clear-cut, concise, telling sentences, are illustrations of what is meant.  Enjoyment of a piece of literature, of a debate, of an argument, of a piece of scientific research, is not limited to the appreciation of the meanings expressed—­in fact, in many cases the only factor that can arouse the feeling element, the appreciation, is this element of form.  One may understand an argument or a debate as he hears it, but appreciation, enjoyment of it, comes only as a result of the consciousness of these elements of form.

That one possesses these feelings of appreciation, at least to some degree, is a matter of human equipment, but what one appreciates in art, literature, human nature, etc., depends primarily on training.  There is almost no situation in life that with all people at all times will arouse appreciative feelings.  Although there are a few fundamental conditions established by the physical make-up of the sense organs and by the original capacities of the human race, still they are few, and at present largely unknown, and experience