The second element in the technique necessary in reasoning is the use of either the inductive or the deductive method in the process.  Induction requires—­a problem, search for facts with which to solve it, comparison and analysis of those facts, abstraction of the essential likenesses, and conclusion.  Deduction requires—­a problem, the analysis of the situation and abstraction of its essential elements, search for generals under which to classify it, comparison of it with each general found, and conclusion.  It is unfortunate that in the discussions of induction and deduction the differences have been so emphasized that they have been regarded as different processes, whereas the likenesses far outweigh the differences.  An examination of the requirements of each as stated above shows that the process in the two is the same.  Not only do both involve reasoning and therefore require the major steps of analysis and abstraction present in all thinking, but both also involve search and comparison.  Both, of course, involve the same kind of mental states.  At times it is very difficult to distinguish between them.  Although for practical purposes it is necessary, sometimes, to stress the differences, the inherent similarity should not be lost sight of.

The differences between these two methods of reasoning are, first, in the locus of the problem; second, in the order of the steps of the process; third, in the relative proportion of particulars and generals used; fourth, in the devices used, (1) In induction the problem is concerned with a general.  In some situation a concept, law, or principle has proven inadequate as a response.  The question is then raised as to what is wrong with it and the inductive process is instigated.  The problem is solved when the principle or concept is perfected or enlarged—­in other words, is made adequate.  In deduction the problem is concerned with the individual situation.  Some problem is raised by a particular fact or experience and is answered when it is placed under the law or concept to which it belongs.  Deduction is, practically the classification of particulars. (2) The order of steps is different.  In induction, because present knowledge falls short, the major step of analysis necessary to abstraction of the essential is impossible, and therefore the search for new facts must come first, whereas in deduction, the analysis of the particular situation results in a search for generals and a classification of the situation in question. (3) In induction many particular facts may be necessary before one concept or principle is made adequate, while in deduction many concepts or principles may be examined before one particular is classified. (4) In induction the hypothesis is used as a device to make clear the possible goal; in deduction the syllogism is used as a device to make clear the conclusion which has been reached, to throw into relief the classification and the result coming from it.