detachment of England from the Holy Roman Empire, and made her free of all the world.  Its intent was political rather than religious.  Henry, who wrote against Martin Luther, was far from wishing to make England a Protestant country.  Elizabeth, who differed from her father in not caring a straw for theology, was by temperament and policy conservative.  Yet England could not cease to be Papist without ceasing in some measure to be Catholic; nor could she in that day carry on war against Spain without becoming a leading champion of Protestantism.  The changes in creed and ritual wrought by the government during this period were cautious and skilful; and the resulting church of England, with its long line of learned and liberal divines, has played a noble part in history. [Sidenote:  Political character of Henry VIII’s revolt against Rome]

But along with this moderate Protestantism espoused by the English government, as consequent upon the assertion of English national independence, there grew up the fierce uncompromising democratic Protestantism of which the persecuted Lollards had sown the seeds.  This was not the work of government. [Sidenote:  The yeoman, Hugh Latimer]

By the side of Henry viii. stands the sublime figure of Hugh Latimer, most dauntless of preachers, the one man before whose stern rebuke the headstrong and masterful Tudor monarch quailed.  It was Latimer that renewed the work of Wyclif. and in his life as well as in his martyrdom,—­to use his own words of good cheer uttered while the fagots were kindling around him,—­lighted “such a candle in England as by God’s grace shall never be put out.”  This indomitable man belonged to that middle-class of self-governing, self-respecting yeomanry that has been the glory of free England and free America.  He was one of the sturdy race that overthrew French chivalry at Crecy and twice drove the soldiery of a tyrant down the slope of Bunker Hill.  In boyhood he worked on his father’s farm and helped his mother to milk the thirty kine; he practised archery on the village green, studied in the village school, went to Cambridge, and became the foremost preacher of Christendom.  Now the most thorough and radical work of the English Reformation was done by this class of men of which Latimer was the type.  It was work that was national in its scope, arousing to fervent heat the strong religious and moral sentiment of the people, and hence it soon quite outran the cautious and conservative policy of the government, and tended to introduce changes extremely distasteful to those who wished to keep England as nearly Catholic as was consistent with independence of the pope.  Hence before the end of Elizabeth’s reign, we find the crown set almost as strongly against Puritanism as against Romanism.  Hence, too, when under Elizabeth’s successors the great decisive struggle between despotism and liberty was inaugurated, we find all the tremendous force of this newly awakened