medium.  Until 1661 Indian wampum had been a legal tender, and far into the eighteenth century it remained current in small transactions.  “In 1693 the ferriage from New York to Brooklyn was eight stivers in wampum or a silver twopence.” [35] As early as 1652 Massachusetts had sought to supply the deficiency by the issue of shillings and sixpences.  It was an affair of convenience and probably had no political purpose.  The infraction of the navigation laws was a more serious matter.  “Ships from France, Spain, and the Canaries traded directly with Boston, and brought in goods which had never paid duty in any English port.” [36] The effect of this was to excite the jealousy of the merchants in London and other English cities and to deprive Massachusetts of the sympathy of that already numerous and powerful class of people. [Sidenote:  Complaints against Massachusetts]

In 1675, the first year of King Philip’s War, the British government made up its mind to attend more closely to the affairs of its American colonies.  It had got the Dutch war off its hands, and could give heed to other things.  The general supervision of the colonies was assigned to a standing committee of the privy council, styled the “Lords of the Committee of Trade and Plantations,” and henceforth familiarly known as the “Lords of Trade.”  Next year the Lords of Trade sent an agent to Boston, with a letter to Governor Leverett about the Mason and Gorges claims.  Under cover of this errand the messenger was to go about and ascertain the sentiments which people in the Kennebec and Piscataqua towns, as well as in Boston, entertained for the government of Massachusetts.  The person to whom this work was entrusted was Edward Randolph, a cousin of Robert Mason who inherited the property claim to the Piscataqua county.  To these men had old John Mason bequeathed his deadly feud with Massachusetts, and the fourteen years which Randolph now spent in New England were busily devoted to sowing the seeds of strife.  In 1678 the king appointed him collector and surveyor of customs at the port of Boston, with instructions to enforce the navigation laws.  Randolph was not the man to do unpopular things in such a way as to dull the edge of the infliction; he took delight in adding insult to injury.  He was at once harsh and treacherous.  His one virtue was pecuniary integrity; he was inaccessible to bribes and did not pick and steal from the receipts at the custom-house.  In the other relations of life he was disencumbered of scruples.  His abilities were not great, but his industry was untiring, and he pursued his enemies with the tenacity of a sleuth-hound.  As an excellent British historian observes, “he was one of those men who, once enlisted as partisans, lose every other feeling in the passion which is engendered of strife.” [37] [Sidenote:  The Lords of Trade] [Sidenote:  Edward Randolph]