Spaniard and his Mussulman conqueror there could be no political fusion, this brilliant civilization was doomed.  During eight centuries of more or less extensive rule in the Spanish peninsula, the Moor was from first to last an alien, just as after four centuries the Turk is still an alien in the Balkan peninsula.  The natural result was a struggle that lasted age after age till it ended in the utter extermination of one of the parties, and left behind it a legacy of hatred and persecution that has made the history of modern Spain a dismal record of shame and disaster. [Sidenote:  The Oriental method of nation-making]

In this first method of nation-making, then, which we may call the Oriental method, one now sees but little to commend.  It was better than savagery, and for a long time no more efficient method was possible, but the leading peoples of the world have long since outgrown it; and although the resulting form of political government is the oldest we know and is not yet extinct, it nevertheless has not the elements of permanence.  Sooner or later it will disappear, as savagery is disappearing, as the rudest types of inchoate human society have disappeared.

The second method by which nations have been made may be called the Roman method; and we may briefly describe it as conquest with incorporation, but without representation.  The secret of Rome’s wonderful strength lay in the fact that she incorporated the vanquished peoples into her own body politic.  In the early time there was a fusion of tribes going on in Latium, which, if it had gone no further, would have been similar to the early fusion of Ionic tribes in Attika or of Iranian tribes in Media.  But whereas everywhere else this political fusion soon stopped, in the Roman world it went on.  One after another Italian tribes and Italian towns were not merely overcome but admitted to a share in the political rights and privileges of the victors.  By the time this had gone on until the whole Italian peninsula was consolidated under the headship of Rome, the result was a power incomparably greater than any other that the world had yet seen.  Never before had so many people been brought under one government without making slaves of most of them.  Liberty had existed before, whether in barbaric tribes or in Greek cities.  Union had existed before, in Assyrian or Persian despotisms.  Now liberty and union were for the first time joined together, with consequences enduring and stupendous.  The whole Mediterranean world was brought under one government; ancient barriers of religion, speech, and custom were overthrown in every direction; and innumerable barbarian tribes, from the Alps to the wilds of northern Britain, from the Bay of Biscay to the Carpathian mountains, were more or less completely transformed into Roman citizens, protected by Roman law, and sharing in the material and spiritual benefits of Roman civilization.  Gradually the whole vast structure became permeated by Hellenic and Jewish