[29] The whip of a Kazak.

In sign of respect and reverence, they all applied their hands to their foreheads when they saw the Khan.  The timid or peaceably disposed among them, dreading the consequences, either from the Russians or the Khan, to which this rencontre might expose them, exhibited much discomfiture at the question; but the idle, the ruffian, and the desperate—­for all beheld with hatred the Russian domination—­crowded turbulently round him with delight.  They hurriedly told him what was the matter.

“And you stand, like buffaloes, stupidly looking on, while they force your brother to work like a brute under the yoke!” exclaimed the Khan, gloomily, to the bystanders; “while they laugh in your face at your customs, and trample your faith under their feet! and ye whine like old women, instead of revenging yourselves like men!  Cowards! cowards!”

“What can we do?” cried a multitude of voices together; “the Russians have cannon—­they have bayonets!”

“And ye, have ye not guns? have ye not daggers?  It is not the Russians that are brave, but ye that are cowards!  Shame of Mussulmans!  The sword of Daghestan trembles before the Russian whip.  Ye are afraid of the roll of the cannon; but ye fear not the reproach of cowardice.  The ferman of a Russian pristav[30] is holier to you than a chapter of the Koran.  Siberia frightens you more than hell.  Did your forefathers act, did your forefathers think thus?  They counted not their enemies, they calculated not.  Outnumbered or not, they met them, bravely fought them, and gloriously died!  And what fear ye?  Have the Russians ribs of iron?  Have their cannon no breach?  Is it not by the tail that you seize the scorpion?” This address stirred the crowd.  The Tartar vanity was touched to the quick.  “What do we care for them?  Why do we let them lord it over us here?” was heard around.  “Let us liberate the blacksmith from his work—­let us liberate him!” they roared, as they narrowed their circle round the Russian soldiers, amidst whom Alekper was shoeing the captain’s horse.  The confusion increased.  Satisfied with the tumult he had created, Sultan Akhmet Khan, not wishing to mix himself up in an insignificant brawl, rode out of the crowd, leaving two noukers to keep alive the violent spirit among the Tartars, while, accompanied by the remainder, he rode rapidly to the ootakh[31] of Ammalat.

     [30] A superintendent.

[31] The house, in Tartar, is “ev;” “outakh,” mansion; and “sarai,” edifice in general; “haram-khaneh,” the women’s apartments.  For palace they employ the word “igarat.”  The Russians confound all these meanings in the word “sakla,” which, in the Circassian language, is house.

“Mayest thou be victorious,” said Sultan Akhmet Khan to Ammalat Bek, who received him at the threshold.  This ordinary salutation, in the Circassian language, was pronounced with so marked an emphasis, that Ammalat as he kissed him, asked, “Is that a jest or a prophecy, my fair guest?”