The armies met, and Vercingetorix sustained a series of losses at Vellaunodunum, Genabum, and Noviodunum.  The Gauls then threw a strong garrison into Avaricum, which Caesar besieged, and at length Caesar’s soldiers took it by storm.  All the Gauls, with few exceptions, joined in the revolt; and the united forces, under Vercingetorix, attacked the Roman army while it was marching into the country of the Sequani, but they suffered complete defeat.  After struggling vainly to continue the war, Vercingetorix surrendered, and the Gallic chieftains laid down their arms.  Caesar demanded a great number of hostages, sent his lieutenants with various legions to different stations in Gaul, and determined himself to winter at Bibracte.  A supplication of twenty days was decreed at Rome by the senate on hearing of these successes.

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TACITUS

Annals

Publius Cornelius Tacitus was born perhaps at Rome, shortly before the accession of the Emperor Nero in 54 A.D.  He married the daughter of Agricola, famous in the history of Britain, and died probably about the time of Hadrian’s accession to the empire, 117 A.D.  He attained distinction as a pleader at the bar, and in public life; but his fame rests on his historical works.  A man of strong prepossessions and prejudices, he allowed them to colour his narratives, and particularly his portraits; but he cannot be charged with dishonesty.  The portraits themselves are singularly powerful; his narrative is picturesque, vivid, dramatic; but the condensed character of his style and the pregnancy of his phrases make his work occasionally obscure, and particularly difficult to render in translation.  His “Germania” is a most valuable record of the early institutions of the Teutonic peoples.  His “Histories” of the empire from Galba to Domitian are valuable as dealing with events of which he was an eye-witness.  His “Annals,” covering practically the reigns from Tiberius to Nero, open only some forty years before his own birth.  Of the original sixteen books, four are lost, and four are incomplete.  The following epitome has been specially prepared from the Latin text.

I.—­Emperor and Nephew

Tiberius, adopted son and actual stepson of Augustus, was summoned from Illyria by his mother Livia to the bedside of the dying emperor at Nola.  Augustus left a granddaughter, Agrippina, who was married to Germanicus, the nephew of Tiberius; and a grandson, Agrippa Postumus, a youth of evil reputation.  The succession of Tiberius was not in doubt; but his first act was to have Agrippa Postumus put to death—­according to his own statement, by the order of Augustus.  At Rome, consuls, senators, and knights hurried to embrace their servitude.  The nobler the name that each man bore, the more zealous was he in his hypocrisy.  The grave pretence of Tiberius that he laid no claim to imperial honours was met by the grave pretence that the needs of the state forbade his refusal of them, however reluctant he might be.  His mother, Livia Augusta, was the object of a like sycophancy.  But the world was not deceived by the solemn farce.