Certainly, the English were innovators in this field, exercising a direct and potent influence upon foreign fiction, especially that of France and Germany; it is not too much to say, that the novels of Richardson and Fielding, pioneers, founders of the English Novel, offered Europe a type.  If one reads the French fictionists before Richardson—­Madame de La Fayette, Le Sage, Prevost and Rousseau—­one speedily discovers that they did not write novels in the modern sense; the last named took a cue from Richardson, to be sure, in his handling of sentiment, but remained an essayist, nevertheless.  And the greater Goethe also felt and acknowledged the Englishman’s example.  Testimonies from the story-makers of other lands are frequent to the effect upon them of these English pioneers of fiction.  It will be seen from this brief statement of the kind of fiction essayed by the founders of the Novel, that their tendency was towards what has come to be called “realism” in modern fiction literature.  One uses this sadly overworked term with a certain sinking of the heart, yet it seems unavoidable.  The very fact that the words “realism” and “romance” have become so hackneyed in critical parlance, makes it sure that they indicate a genuine distinction.  As the Novel has developed, ramified and taken on a hundred guises of manifestation, and as criticism has striven to keep pace with such a growth, it is not strange that a confusion of nomenclature should have arisen.  But underneath whatever misunderstandings, the original distinction is clear enough and useful to make:  the modern Novel in its beginning did introduce a more truthful representation of human life than had obtained in the romantic fiction deriving from the medieval stories.  The term “realism” as first applied was suitably descriptive; it is only with the subsequent evolution that so simple a word has taken on subtler shades and esoteric implications.

It may be roundly asserted that from the first the English Novel has stood for truth; that it has grown on the whole more truthful with each generation, as our conception of truth in literature has been widened and become a nobler one.  The obligation of literature to report life has been felt with increasing sensitiveness.  In the particulars of appearance, speech, setting and action the characters of English fiction to-day produce a semblance of life which adds tenfold to its power.  To compare the dialogue of modern masters like Hardy, Stevenson, Kipling and Howells with the best of the earlier writers serves to bring the assertion home; the difference is immense; it is the difference between the idiom of life and the false-literary tone of imitations of life which, with all their merits, are still self-conscious and inapt And as the earlier idiom was imperfect, so was the psychology; the study of motives in relation to action has grown steadily broader, more penetrating; the rich complexity of human beings has been recognized more and more, where